Abstract: High-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy is typically used for the treatment of lung, esophagus, breast, bronchus, and prostate cancer as well as gynecological cancers. In HDR brachytherapy, radiation is delivered to the tumor through the catheters placed in or adjacent to the tumor. The primary goal of this article is to provide the overview of current literature regarding the application of HDR planning and optimization techniques. A summary of commonly used optimization technique known as heuristics method (stochastic and deterministic) is also provided.

Abstract: Patients with non-small cell lung cancer and malignant pleural effusion have high morbidity and mortality rates. In order to improve patients’ survival rate and the quality of life, various methods of treatment are investigated, but the existing method of treatment efficacy is not satisfactory. According to the literatures of effect of cytoreductive surgery with intrathoracic hyperthermic chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, the results showed that it improves the patient survival rate and reduce the patient mortality rate. On conclusion, cytoreductive surgery combined with intraoperative intrathoracic hyperthermic chemotherapy is a better choice for the patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract: Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes confer a high risk of breast cancer (BC), although they account for only a small fraction of BC susceptibility. Rare mutations in genes conferring moderate risk may contribute to BC risk. Previous studies have shown that mutations in the CHEK2 gene, which encodes for an upstream regulator of BRCA1, may cause a moderately increased BC risk. In the current study we investigated the status of three founder mutations in the CHEK2 gene (c.1100delC, R145W and I157T) using direct sequencing in 50 BC and 50 control samples. No mutations were detected. This result is in line with the postulated existence of a c.1100delC frequency gradient from the North to the South in Europe with higher frequencies in the Northern countries.

Abstract: In this prospective study, search for high risk cases of premalignant oral lesions were attempted through evaluation of oncoprotein expression, cell proliferation and micronuclei. Materials and methods: A total 50 cases of oral leukoplakia were diagnosed and adequate controls along with detailed history were included in this study. Study of tumour markers like p53, PCNA and Ki-67 were done immunohistochemically on tissue sections. Study of micronuclei was performed by feulgen staining method. Results: The mean age of the 50 cases were 44.48 ± 9.76 and median age was 50 years. There were 45 male cases (90%) and 5 female cases (10%). There were 26 non dysplastic (52%) and 24 dysplastic cases (48%). The smokers consist of 25 cases (50%) and other addictions (betel quid chewers, ghutka, khaini, alcohol etc.) had 24 cases (48%) and 1 case was non addict (2%). Out of 25 cases of smokers, 20 (80%) were positive in case of p53, 19 (76%) were positive in case of PCNA and 17 (68%) were positive in case of Ki67. Out of 24 cases of other addictions, 16 (66.67%) cases were positive in case of p53, 13 (54.17%) positive cases in case of PCNA and16 cases (66.67%) were positive in case of Ki67.The smokers had 0.51 ± 0.21 micronuclei frequency whereas other addiction groups had 0.24 ± 0.10. Conclusion: The histopathological risk assessment of these cases is inconclusive and thus p53, PCNA, Ki67 and micronuclei evaluation are needed for risk categorization.

Abstract: Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells displays uncontrolled growth and invasion that destroys adjacent tissues, and sometimes send metastasis to other locations in the body. When one is interested in cancer research, mice will be the preferred animal. Murine models of cancer include transplantable models, spontaneous and autochthonous models, human tumor xenografts, orthotopic models, models of metastasis and transgenic tumor models.