Abstract: Aim: To study the effects of local anesthesia on blood pressure in patients undergo extraction of maxillary teeth under infiltration local anesthesia and to compare the level of salivary chromogranin A before and after administration of local anesthesia and its possible correlation with hemodynamic effects of local anesthesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 26 patients (18 female, 8 male) who need tooth extraction under infiltration local anesthesia were examined in two situations (pre and post local anesthetic administration). For each patient salivary sample was collected by salivette to estimate the level of chromogranin A using ELISA Kits. For all patients, the blood pressure and pulse rate were measured before and after administration of local anesthesia using automatic blood pressure recorder. Results: the results showed significant differences between salivary chromogranin A for patients before the administration of local anesthesia (580.33 ± 130.42) ng/ml and after the administration of local anesthesia (674.51+ 130.93) ng/ml with p < 0.05. The results also showed that the mean value of blood pressure (systolic and diastolic blood pressure) lowered after administration of local anesthesia but with no significant differences (p > 0.05) with pre –local anesthetic value. The pulse rate was increase in it is value after local anesthetic administration with a significant differences (p < 0.05) than pre – anesthetic value. Conclusions: tooth extraction and administration of infiltration local anesthesia caused hypotension with no significant effect (p > 0.05) while it caused increase in pulse rate with a significant effect (p < 0.05). Administration of infiltration local anesthesia caused significant effects on salivary chromogranin A levels, also this study showed that there was significant inverse correlation between systolic blood pressure and chromogranin A levels(p < 0.05) after administration of infiltrations local anesthesia during dental treatments (tooth extraction).

Abstract: The practice of self medication is continuously increasing worldwide due to its important roles in curing minor conditions or symptoms. This study was conducted to evaluate the factors associated with self medication practice of Iraqi respondents residing in Baghdad City. This study was designed as cross sectional study in which data was collected via direct interviews with respondents using a previously prepared questionnaire. This study investigated 348 respondents from different age groups. The majority of respondents were male aged between 30-60 years, married with secondary or academic level of education and employed with accepted monthly income. The main reason for practicing self medication was previous experience with the same condition followed by considering the current condition simple with no need to consult a physician. A previous prescription was revealed to be the commonest source of information about the self medicated drugs followed by community pharmacies and family members or friends. Flu or common cold was the commonest indication identified for self medication followed by headache, back or muscle pain, dyspepsia, diarrhea and others. Drugs used in treating these conditions were antibiotics, the commonest, followed by paracetamol, antihistamines, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cough preparations, antispasmodics, skeletal muscle relaxants, antacids, antidiarrheals and others.

Abstract: D-3-O-methylchiroinositol isolated from the stem bark of Piliostigma thonningii was evaluated for membrane stabilizing potentials in red blood cells of alloxan-induced diabetic albino Swiss mice. Blood from diabetic animals treated with different doses of the compound (8, 4, 2 mg/kg) and Glibenclamide (2 mg/kg) were measured for membrane stability at different saline concentrations. The MCF values and their corresponding percentage stabilization were increased in the treatment groups compared to the negative control. The result suggests that D-3-O-methylchiroinositol possesses membrane stabilizing potentials.

Abstract: The objective was to investigate the antiurolithiatic activity of aqueous plant extract of Melia azadirachta using the zinc disc implantation model in male Wistar albino rats. A significant increase in urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, magnesium and phosphate was observed after four weeks of implantation of zinc discs. After treatment with aqueous extract of Melia azadirachta caused a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in stone weight and urinary excretion of electrolytes in both the preventive and curative group of animals as compared to those of control groups. This explains the effect of the aqueous extract of Melia azadirachta in preventing urolithiasis (59%) and dissolving the pre-formed magnesium ammonium phosphate type of stones (46%). The possible mechanism could be due to the urinary stone-formation, lowering, antioxidant, diuretic, nephroprotective constituents present in Melia azadirachta. These results suggest the usefulness of aqueous plant extract of Melia azadirachta as an antiurolithiatic agent.

Abstract: This study concentrates on dissolution of drug in presence of fruit juice specifically mango juice. This work aspires current research to study the dissolution approach pattern of commercial formulation of metronidazole in Bangladesh commercially available eight brands of metronidazole film coated tablets were studied in gastric medium (pH 1.2). All brands got reasonably higher dissolution release mainly M02 (84.79%), M05 (75.86%), M06 (72.53%) and M07 (86.48%) were released relatively faster than other sample in 15 to 50 minutes. Therefore, Mango juice assists to enhance the therapeutic response of metronidazole on set of quick response.

Abstract: Substituted N-acetyl-4-amino-benzenesulfonamide derivatives were designed using ChemDraw Ultra 7.0 and energy minimization of derivatives was achieved with Chem3D Pro of ChemOffice suit, keeping in view the structural requirements of pharmacophore. Their proposed synthesis along with in-silico study (docking analysis) in favor of antimicrobial activity has been shown in this work with the possible mechanism of reaction. Docking studies were carried out to study the binding properties of drugs with molecular targets with the help of AutoDock Vina (Python-Prescription 0.8). Titled compounds (CS, DPS, SRS and TS) exhibited good binding properties with molecular target pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A in Lamarckian genetic algorithm based flexible docking studies.

Abstract: Diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth are known as cancer. One of the most important mechanisms for handling it is the inhibition of the human topoisomerase II receptor. In same context while studying the treatment of cancer we found the significant effects of the derivatives of the sulfonamides, this promotes us to design novel derivatives by the means of in-silico resources with anticancer effects. Molecular docking approaches are routinely used in modern drug design to help understand drug–receptor interaction. This study has been performed with the help of Chemdraw Ultra 7.0, AutoDock Vina (Python Prescription 0.8), and PaDEL software. Results revealed that ligand-protein interaction affinity of all 12 designed molecules ranges from -6.8 Kcal/mol to -8.6 Kcal/mol which is approximately comparable to pre-existing human topoisomerase II inhibitor i.e. etoposide (CID: 36462, ligand-protein interaction affinity is -9.7 Kcal/mol).

Abstract: Because of low toxic effects of plant-derived drugs, it has become a research focus in disease prevention and treatment, especially those chronic diseases requiring long-term treatment. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of silibinin (SIL) when administered with methotrexate (MTX) in animal model of zymosan-induced arthritis in rats. Male Wistar rats are used for induction and arthritic inflammation in the knee joint and hind paw using zymosan. The animals are treated with MTX alone (10 mg/kg), SIL (10mg/kg) or their combination. The effect was followed through edema formation, tissue cytokines release (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α) and infiltration of leukocytes in synovial fluid. The results showed that SIL has weak antiarthritic activity when used alone, and improves the antiarthitic activity of MTX when both are concomitantly administered before challenge with zymosan. In conclusion, although SIL has a relatively weak anti-arthritic activity, it strongly augments the effect of MTX in animal model of zymosan-induced arthritis.

Abstract: Detailed investigations on plant materials especially such that are already in use especially by tradio-practitionals should not be taken with levity. The effect of cold water crude extract of stem-bark of Erythrophleum suaveolens on the activity of an isolated rabbit jejunum was studied. Reference drugs (Adrenaline and Isoprenaline) were used both in the presence and absence of E. suaveolens extract. Preliminary pharmacological investigation of the extract revealed inhibitory effects. However, the relaxative effect of the extract on isolated smooth muscle was confirmed from its cumulative response on Rabbit jejunum in which there was a graded inhibition of the jejunal contraction even up to 95% - 95.5%. The result of the study therefore suggest that the extract has the potential of been develop as an anti-motility agent as a remedy for GIT system related problems.

Abstract: Drug-induced liver injury is a problem of increasing significance, but has been a long-standing concern in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). The present study evaluates the possible hepatoprotective effects of Quercetin against the experimentally induced hepatotoxicity with isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RFP) in rats. Twenty-four rats wereallocated into 4 groups (6 rats in each group), and treated as follow: group I, received normal saline orally; group II, receivednormal saline + (INH 10mg/Kg/day and RFP 10 mg/Kg/day orally); group III, received Quercetin (300mg/kg/day) + (INH and RFP as in group II);group IV, received N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) (50 mg/Kg/day) + (INH and RFP as in group II).After 42 days, the rats were scarified; blood samples obtained for evaluation of total antioxidant status (TAS), CRP, and the activities of ALT, AST, and ALP. Liver tissue sections were prepared for histopathologicalevaluation. The results clearly demonstrate that Quercetin provides significant protection against INH and RFP-induced toxicity in liver of rats, revealed as reduction in AST and ALT activities, increase in total antioxidant capacity, and improvements histopathologicalpicture of the liver. In conclusion, orally administered Quercetin protects the liver against INH and RFP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.