Abstract: Water hyacinth containing a remarkable amount of cellulose which is found throughout the world as unusable material that can be used as one of the promising source for the production of glucose, initial step to produce bio ethanol. In this current study different types of treatments highest glucose concentration was obtained by hot water treated method. In addition, glucose was produced from water hyacinth using cellulytic enzyme pseudomonas sp., isolated from cow dung. Glucose concentration and production rate increases with the increasing of substrate concentration and enzyme loading, particle size 45µm and a pH 6.00 and temperature 40°C are the optimum for glucose production. A kinetic model rate expression has been developed for enzymatic hydrolysis of water hyacinth based on the Michaelis – Mentens model and parameters are determined. 0.15gm Reducing sugar are separated from the mixture of glucose water solution using 2 gm of water hyacinth. 0.531mg/l Cellulytic composition in water hyacinth are determined.

Abstract: Bio-Ethanol is a renewable; eco-friendly energy source can be produced from bio-mass (hemicelluloses). Pteris (fern) is grown very fast and has not major economic importance but it is a reliable source of hemicelluloses can be converted to bio-Ethanol. In the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses the concentration of glucose and the reaction rate was observed with respect to the different parameters, like pH, temperature, substrate diameter, substrate loading. In this study we found optimal parameters, NH₄OH treatment as the best treatment among H₂SO_4, NH₄OH, and NaOH treatment. In addition, pH 7, temperature 35°C, substrate diameter 45μm-63μm, and substrate loading 0.25gm in 100ml working volume was found as optimum operation condition for hydrolysis reaction, which was carried out by pseudomonas sp., isolated from cow dung. In this experiment sugar concentration was measured with UV spectrophotometer using DNS reagent finding the equilibrium time is 72hours for hydrolysis process and the maximum sugar concentration of 1.7625mg/l was achieved. Subsequently we study the fermentation process using yeast to produce Bio-Ethanol from reducing sugar solution obtained from the hydrolysis process on optimum reaction condition and yield the Ethanol concentration 0.333 mg/L, measured with UV spectrophotometer. Furthermore, it was also observed that the activity of yeast was sustain, in the reaction condition (pH = 7, temperature = 25°C), only for 50 hours. In sum, it could be conclude that 0.1332 mg of ethanol can be produce from 1gm of pteris where the conversion of reducing sugar to ethanol is 20% approximately in the optimum reaction condition.

Abstract: The conventional mechanical building cooling systems are energy demanding equipment. Needing for low-energy consumption systems is a motivation for utilizing ambient energy resources such as ground, ambient air, sky and water as alternative resources. Night sky can be a good candidate as a heat sink to be used in cooling systems. The present study proposes and presents a simplified method for computing net outgoing energy exchanged between night sky and a cool-pool in a building cooling system. Considering a real night condition with a 3 m × 4 m pool and overall energy conversion efficiency of 75%, we obtained that the aforementioned system can replace a 4000 watts swamp cooler works for 6 hours a day.

Abstract: Energy, plays a crucial role in our everyday life. As energy supplies are limited, energy conservation is unquestionably one of the great importance to all of us. Although improving energy efficiency can be achieved in many ways, but energy saving in buildings plays one of the main roles in saving energy. Using natural ventilation systems can be effective to achieve this goal. This article tries to propose a pattern in which the combination of two common natural ventilation systems, Wind catcher and Chimney, will be use for optimum ventilation efficiency so that the energy efficiency will be increased.

Abstract: In this study, the non-activated N, S-co-doped biochar carbon for supercapacitors were successfully prepared from banana without any activation. In addition, our electrochemical test demonstrated that the as-prepared carbon materials exhibited a high specific capacitance and excellent cycling performance due to the co-existence of N and S.