Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii have emerged as important nosocomical pathogens especially in intensive care patients. Carbapenems are the choice of drug for their treatment but they started developing resistance to carbapenems predominatantly by producing Metallo beta-lactamases (MBL). Treatment of such carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter has led to reintroduction of polymyxins like colistin, polymyxin B and newer tetracycline group of drugs like tigecycline. As there were limited studies in on Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of MBL producing Acinetobacter to polymyxins and tigecyclines from india, the present study was undertaken. MBL detection was done by combined disc test with imipenem and EDTA. MIC of the drugs was determined by Agar dilution method. MIC50 and MIC90 of tigecycline were found to be 0.5 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml respectively. Suseptibility MIC ranges for tigecycline were found to be 0.5 to 2 μg/ml. Resistance rates for tigecycline were found to be 6%. MIC50 and MIC90 of colistin was found to be 2 μg/ml. Susceptibility MIC ranges for colistin were found to be 0.25 to 1 μg/ml. MIC50 and MIC90 of polymyxinB were found to be 1 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml respectively. Susceptibility MIC ranges for polymyxin B were found to be between 0.5 to 2ug/ml. The susceptibility rates with colistin and polymyxin B were found to be 99.2% and 100% respectively. Polymyxin B and colistin are very good drugs of choice for treatment of MBL producing Acinetobacter baumannii with 0.8% and 0% resistance rates. Though good sensitivity was noticed with tigecycline, we found 6% resistance rate.

Abstract: This is a descriptive analytical study, aims to assess the quality of bio-fertilizers Illetrisoy up to viability resilience bacterial during the storage. Illetrisoy A and B are the two types of biological fertilizers that contains of beneficial bacterial to improving growth and productivity of soybean. The research conducted covers the identification of the microbial are contained in the biological fertilizer Illetrisoy, the characterization of carrier matter and the viability of bacteria on the carrier matter during storage in different of packaging (plastic bag, allumunium foil, and plastic bottle) and storage temperature (refrigerator, room temperature, and incubator 40°C). The research shows that Illetrisoy A and Illetrisoy B contain 4 species of bacteria from the genus Phaenibacillus and Bacillus. The carrier of Illetrisoy is a mixture of RawaPening peat soil and charcoal powders provides a good quality in Illetrisoy A (pH 6.75, C 22.13 g kg^-1, N 1.32 g kg^-1, P₂O₅ 389 mg kg^-1, K 2.68 cmol kg^-1and microbial population 36.5 x 10⁸cfu g^-1 of matter) and Illetrisoy B (pH 6.92, C 21.74 g kg^-1, N 1.25 g kg^-1, P₂O₅ 412 mg kg^-1, K 2.47 cmol kg^-1and microbial population 34.9 x 10⁸cfug^-1 of matter). The product of biological fertilizer Illetrisoywith water content 50-60 % could be stored in the plastic packaging bags and be placed in refrigerator temperature 4^oC. On the conditions of storage, the product of biological fertilizers Illetrisoy can be survived for 3 months, with the viability of bacteria preserved on the total population of 10⁸cfug^-1 of matter.

Abstract: Present study attempted to determine the antimicrobial activity of extracts from commonly consumed fruits including guava (Psidium guajava), malta (Citrus sinensis), apple (Malus domestica), orange (Citrus reticulate) and dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) against Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp., Salmonella spp., and Aeromonas spp. Of the fruits examined, malta and orange samples were observed to be most effective against the test organisms, whereas dragon fruit was the least effective one. Among all the bacteria tested, Bacillus spp. seemed to be most susceptible to the anti-bacterial activity of the fruits, whereas Aeromonas spp. seemed to be the most resistant one. No significant difference in antimicrobial activity was observed among the imported and local fruit extracts.

Abstract: Phyllanthus fraternus Webster is a medicinally very useful plant species used by tribal of Gujarat, India to cure certain diseases like asthama, cough, diarrohea and scabies. Methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts of the plant leaf were evaluated against eleven clinically important bacterial strains such as E. coli, B. megaterium, B. cereus, B. subtilis, C. glutamicum, S. aureus, S. typhi, S. typhi A, S. typhi B, P. aeruginosa and P. vulgaris and one fungal strain namely A. niger by disc diffusion method. Result showed maximum antibacterial activities against C. glutamicum with zone of inhibition of 40 mm and minimum against S. typhi A with zone of inhibition of 15 mm in methanol extract. In ethanol extract maximum antibacterial activities were reported in Bacillus cereus with zone of inhibition of 21 mm and minimum against Salmonella typhi A (10 mm). The maximum antifungal activity was noted against A. niger (40 mm). Our preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaf extract using Methanol as solvent confirmed the presence of alkaloids, tannin, saponin, terpenoid and steroids. This indicates that antimicrobial activities may be due to presence of secondary metabolites. Hence, the plant can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals research activities.

Abstract: The worldwide emergence and spread of drug - resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has adverse effects on tuberculosis (TB) control programs. The goal of this paper is to describe the advances made in the understanding of the molecular basis of M. tuberculosis resistance to streptomycin and to discuss the potential of molecular methods in early diagnosis of streptomycin resistant TB.Molecular methods such as DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction have been used to identify/detect mutations in rpsL gene-encoding proteins.Of the 77 SM resistant isolates, 22 (28.6%) exhibited mutation at codon 43 Lys→Arg, 11 (14.3%) isolates exhibited mutation at codon 83 Arg→Gln, 9(%) isolates exhibited mutation at codon 95 Tyr→His,whereas remaining 23 (40.8%) SM resistant isolates showed no mutation in rpsL gene. Among the 77 SM resistant isolates, 31(40.2%) were SM mono resistant and 46(59.8%) strains were poly resistant. All the 23 SM susceptible isolates as well as reference strain M.tuberculosis H37Rv exhibited wild type sequences of rpsL gene. Molecular methods to detect the most frequent mutations in the gene encoding functions that are targets for streptomycin drug have provided encouraging results for early diagnosis of resistance nature.