Abstract: This is a descriptive analytical study, aims to assess the quality of bio-fertilizers Illetrisoy up to viability resilience bacterial during the storage. Illetrisoy A and B are the two types of biological fertilizers that contains of beneficial bacterial to improving growth and productivity of soybean. The research conducted covers the identification of the microbial are contained in the biological fertilizer Illetrisoy, the characterization of carrier matter and the viability of bacteria on the carrier matter during storage in different of packaging (plastic bag, allumunium foil, and plastic bottle) and storage temperature (refrigerator, room temperature, and incubator 40°C). The research shows that Illetrisoy A and Illetrisoy B contain 4 species of bacteria from the genus Phaenibacillus and Bacillus. The carrier of Illetrisoy is a mixture of RawaPening peat soil and charcoal powders provides a good quality in Illetrisoy A (pH 6.75, C 22.13 g kg^-1, N 1.32 g kg^-1, P₂O₅ 389 mg kg^-1, K 2.68 cmol kg^-1and microbial population 36.5 x 10⁸cfu g^-1 of matter) and Illetrisoy B (pH 6.92, C 21.74 g kg^-1, N 1.25 g kg^-1, P₂O₅ 412 mg kg^-1, K 2.47 cmol kg^-1and microbial population 34.9 x 10⁸cfug^-1 of matter). The product of biological fertilizer Illetrisoywith water content 50-60 % could be stored in the plastic packaging bags and be placed in refrigerator temperature 4^oC. On the conditions of storage, the product of biological fertilizers Illetrisoy can be survived for 3 months, with the viability of bacteria preserved on the total population of 10⁸cfug^-1 of matter.

Abstract: Present study attempted to determine the antimicrobial activity of extracts from commonly consumed fruits including guava (Psidium guajava), malta (Citrus sinensis), apple (Malus domestica), orange (Citrus reticulate) and dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) against Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp., Salmonella spp., and Aeromonas spp. Of the fruits examined, malta and orange samples were observed to be most effective against the test organisms, whereas dragon fruit was the least effective one. Among all the bacteria tested, Bacillus spp. seemed to be most susceptible to the anti-bacterial activity of the fruits, whereas Aeromonas spp. seemed to be the most resistant one. No significant difference in antimicrobial activity was observed among the imported and local fruit extracts.

Abstract: Phyllanthus fraternus Webster is a medicinally very useful plant species used by tribal of Gujarat, India to cure certain diseases like asthama, cough, diarrohea and scabies. Methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts of the plant leaf were evaluated against eleven clinically important bacterial strains such as E. coli, B. megaterium, B. cereus, B. subtilis, C. glutamicum, S. aureus, S. typhi, S. typhi A, S. typhi B, P. aeruginosa and P. vulgaris and one fungal strain namely A. niger by disc diffusion method. Result showed maximum antibacterial activities against C. glutamicum with zone of inhibition of 40 mm and minimum against S. typhi A with zone of inhibition of 15 mm in methanol extract. In ethanol extract maximum antibacterial activities were reported in Bacillus cereus with zone of inhibition of 21 mm and minimum against Salmonella typhi A (10 mm). The maximum antifungal activity was noted against A. niger (40 mm). Our preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaf extract using Methanol as solvent confirmed the presence of alkaloids, tannin, saponin, terpenoid and steroids. This indicates that antimicrobial activities may be due to presence of secondary metabolites. Hence, the plant can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals research activities.

Abstract: The worldwide emergence and spread of drug - resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has adverse effects on tuberculosis (TB) control programs. The goal of this paper is to describe the advances made in the understanding of the molecular basis of M. tuberculosis resistance to streptomycin and to discuss the potential of molecular methods in early diagnosis of streptomycin resistant TB.Molecular methods such as DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction have been used to identify/detect mutations in rpsL gene-encoding proteins.Of the 77 SM resistant isolates, 22 (28.6%) exhibited mutation at codon 43 Lys→Arg, 11 (14.3%) isolates exhibited mutation at codon 83 Arg→Gln, 9(%) isolates exhibited mutation at codon 95 Tyr→His,whereas remaining 23 (40.8%) SM resistant isolates showed no mutation in rpsL gene. Among the 77 SM resistant isolates, 31(40.2%) were SM mono resistant and 46(59.8%) strains were poly resistant. All the 23 SM susceptible isolates as well as reference strain M.tuberculosis H37Rv exhibited wild type sequences of rpsL gene. Molecular methods to detect the most frequent mutations in the gene encoding functions that are targets for streptomycin drug have provided encouraging results for early diagnosis of resistance nature.

Abstract: Common salt (sodium chloride) and chemical preservatives are used for preservation of skins and leather to protect from microbial attacks, which leads to severe pollution problem. Bacteriocin is an eco-friendly option for skin and leather preservation in leather industry, which contains antimicrobial and antifungal components their fluid. Bacteriocin was extracted from Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from chicken meat by submerged fermentation method. The bacteriocin was tested against the skin putrefying organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus putrefaciens by plate assay method, which showed the activity of 200 AU/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 340AU/ml for Bacillus putrefaciens. These two cultures were further analysed by SEM, which showed cleavage of bacterial cell walls due to action of bacteriocin. This study revealed the presence of antimicrobial activity in bacteriocin. Then the bacteriocin was tested for preservation of goat skin infected by skin putrefying organisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus putrefaciens, and its efficacy was studied. The microbial infected goat skin was preserved with 15% bacteriocin solution and stored for seven days at room temperature, which showed the complete inhibition of microbial growth even after seven days of storage. Then the goat skin was further processed into crust leather and which was analysed by SEM and physical testing data. The SEM analysis and physical testing data revealed no significant changes in the fiber structure of the skin due to preservation by bacteriocin. The pollution load generation (Total Dissolved solvents) has reduced at the level of 94.4% and 95.6% (of chlorides) during soaking process. The overall experiments revealed that the bacteriocin can be used as potential bio preservatives for preservation of skin and leather.

Abstract: Microorganisms with the ability to survive high doses of radiation are known as radiation-resistant extremophiles. This study attempts to demonstrate the diversity of microorganisms resistant to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in the natural environment in order to investigate the molecular and physiological mechanisms by which these microorganisms survive under extreme radiation. We hypothesized that topsoil from elevated land (hills) would reveal a diverse variety of UVR-resistant extremophiles with modulated proteins/enzymes. A total of 10 different UV-C (UV subtype-C)-resistant extremophiles—UVP1, UVP3, UVP4, UVR1, UVR3, UVR4, UVR5a, UV20hr, YLP1, and BR2—were isolated and identified using 16S rRNA sequences for nearest homologues. All the isolates showed prolonged resistance against UV-C: 3.44 x 10⁵ - 2.74 x 10⁶ J/m². Phylogenetic analysis between and within the UVR isolates revealed their relationship with other soil microorganisms using different outgroups. A unique pattern of protein expression at 25-50kDa was observed on SDS-PAGE under UVR and non-UVR from six prominent UVR isolates. Current studies are finding extreme UV-C-resistant in naturally occurring microorganisms found in stress-free environments.

Abstract: Rhizobial strains were isolated from root nodules of Vigna trilobata plants raised in soils of different districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Among the 23 strains of rhizobia isolated, 6 strains were proved to be positive for phosphate solubilization. The strains were identified as Sinorhizobium sp. strain MRR101-KC428651, Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain MRR102- KC428652, Rhizobium sp. strain 103 – JX576499 ; Sinorhizobium kostiense strain MRR104- KC428653; Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain MRR105- KC428654 and Rhizobium sp. strain MRR106- KC428655 after 16S rDNA sequencing. S. kostiense strain MRR104 was found to be better than strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium sp. in phosphate solubilization with maximum zone of solubilization (18mm) on standard Pikovskaya’s medium and with maximum P₂O₅ liberation of 510 µg/ml in liquid medium. The optimization for maximum phosphate solubilization was done by using different carbon and nitrogen sources. Glucose was preferred as carbon source by all the strains studied, with 10 fold increase in solubilization of phosphorous than other carbon sources. Phosphate solubilization increased with increase in concentration of glucose up to 3% in all the strains studied. Some strains preferred ammonium sulphate and others preferred nitrates as nitrogen source for phosphate solubilzation, indicating that strains of V. trilobata are adopting two different mechanisms for solubilization. Reduction in pH with increased phosphate solubilization efficiency was also observed among the strains, irrespective of the carbon sources tested. Strain S. kositense MRR104 was proved to the better strain with maximum libration of phosphorous along with maximum reduction in pH as 5.13. Sinorhizobium strains performed better than that of Rhizobium and Agrobacterium in solubilization of phosphorous.

Abstract: This study was aimed to determine the frequency of staphylococcal nasal carriage of health care workers (HCWs) and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates in hospitals of Benghazi, Libya. The study was conducted in the period between April 2013 and August 2013 on HCWs from ten hospitals in Benghazi-Libya. Nasal swabs from anterior nares of HCWs were cultured and identified as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), coagulase - negative staphylococci (CoNS) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) by using standard methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on Muller Hinton Agar using disc diffusion method. Of the 472 HCWs, (47.5%) were nasal carriers of S. aureus, (21.4%) for MRSA and (26.1%) for MSSA, (36.4%) of CoNS. The highest carriage rate for S. aureus was in Physician (30.6%) followed by nurses (20.4%), helpers (22.9%) and technicians (10.9%). Almost all of the isolates showed high resistance against penicillin (97.5%) and ampicillin (98.2%). The lowest resistance recorded was for augmentin (14.2%), gentamycin (7.1%), clindamycin (7.5%) ciprofloxacin (3.2%) and vancomycin (2.1%). Most of isolated strains were susceptible to rifampicin (98.9%). The emergence of resistant strains of S.aureus should be prevented by controlling the amount of antibiotics used in and out of hospitals. Also, better control measures of nosocomial infection must be established.

Abstract: The synergistic bio-preservative effects of leaves and stem bark of Vernonia amygdalina and Sacoglottis gabonensis respectively on two (2) palm wine types namely, Elaeis guineensis and Raphia hookeri from Uturu-Nigeria was evaluated. The microbiological and biochemical changes of the palm wine brands were determined. R. hookeri brands were found to support more heterotrophic and coliform populations than the E. guineensis, while the later contained more yeast species. Identification of isolated species revealed the presence of Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Brevibacterium sp. and Saccharomyces sp. from E. guineensis and R. hookeri. Moreso, heterotrophic counts and pH were observed to decrease as the fermentation time progressed. The combination of both V. amygdalina and S. gabonensis as preservatives lowered the bacterial and fungal load compared to the control and individual plant preservatives and reduced the rate of CO₂ emission as well as keeping the pH fairly constant.

Abstract: The strong selective pressure exerted by excessive use of antibiotics in the last decades has increased the acquisition of resistance genes by horizontal gene transfer. Horizontal gene transfer contributed to the diversification of microorganisms by influencing traits such as metabolic potential of a bacterial cell, antibiotic resistance, symbiosis, fitness, and adaptation. The study of biotic relationships helped to examine how they may contribute to virulence such as transfer of toxin genes, antibiotic resistance genes. The current study examines the pattern of distribution of Ambler (molecular) classes of β-lactamases (A, B, C, D) that provides a basic understanding and an initial assessment of resistance genes that may have a different role in the natural environment in free living and symbiotic nosocomial pathogens. The distribution of the four different Ambler (molecular) classes of β-lactamases (A, B, C, and D) differs among different bacterial species. The results from absolute abundance data showed prevalence of class B β-lactamases was highest in free living and lowest in symbiotic bacterial species. Interestingly, class D β-lactamases was absent in symbiotic bacterial species. However, relative abundance class D β-lactamases was lowest for free-living bacterial species. The prevalence of class B β-lactamases based upon the total number of sequences checked predominated in pathogens that are free living when compared to other Ambler classes of β-lactamases. The study of biotic relationships helps to understand what selective or stimulatory pressures are driving the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. In the future, this may help to design effective strategies for preventing further increases in the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.