Abstract: It is well known that most of the orthodontic treatments require more time for completion of the treatment. This technique literally accelerates the orthodontic corrections. The appliance is worn by the patient before the surgery. After the periodontal surgery, force is applied to the appliance which moves the tooth faster. In this technique Distraction osteogenesis & Regional Accelerated phenomenon are combined to produce a faster orthodontic correction as desired by the Orthodontist. The concept behind the technique, the pros and cons, and the technique as well are reviewed in this article.

Abstract: Introduction: GATA6 is a transcription factor which has role in the induction of cell differentiation genes and the maintenance of the differentiated state of epithelial cells. GATA6 expression is lost in neoplastic ovarian epithelia cells and in ovarian carcinoma leading to abnormal nuclear morphology characteristic of most cancer cells. We investigated the profile of GATA6 in cells collected from cervical-uterine smears (CUS) of women in the gynecologic service of three hospitals in Benin. Objective: To utilize GATA6 as molecular marker for the screening of women at risk of developing cervical carcinomas. Methods: CUS were collected from forty (40) women coming for regular checkup (a) at the National University Hospital (CNHU) in Cotonou and (b) from the local hospital of Mènontin (HZ) in Cotonou (south of Benin); (c) forty other (40) CUS were collected from women coming for treatment against HIV1 in the service of gynecology of the Departmental University Hospital (CHDU) of Borgouin Parakou (north of Benin). GATA6 was analyzed in cells isolated from 80 CUS totally by the immunoblotting techniques. Results: In women from Cotonou, GATA6waspresent in 17/40 (42%) CUS, lightly expressed in 10/40 (25%) CUS and totally absent in /40 (32.5%) CUS. In the HIV1 infected women under treatment in Parakou, GATA6 was present in 8/40 (20%) CUS, lightly expressed in 13/40 (32.5%) and totally lost in 19/40 (47.5%) CUS. Conclusion: Our study showed that the loss of GATA6 in CUS was significantly higher in the population of women infected with HIV1 than in women from regular population in Cotonou. Thus the deficiency in GATA6 expression maybe utilizedas diagnostic tools to identify women at risk for developing cervical carcinomas regardless the infectious status before the onset of neoplasia.

Abstract: Oxidative stress has been increasingly implicated in different stages of liver cirrhosis and has been found responsible for DNA damage. Alcohol consumption and oxidative stress have been linked with DNA damage and progression of disease, leading to the hypothesis that chronic alcoholism causes DNA damage. The study was aimed at evaluating the relation between alcohol consumption and relative oxidative damage in different stages of liver cirrhosis. The study included two groups based on severity of cirrhosis of liver; categorized as compensated and decompensated liver cirrhotic patients based on child Pugh criteria. All decompensated cirrhotic patients in the study group had significantly higher MDA levels (P < 0.001) associated with DNA Damage (P > 0.01) than those with compensated cirrhotic patients and control group who were not suffering from liver cirrhosis. These results highlighted a significant higher degree of DNA damage in decompensated cirrhotic patients associated with oxidative stress as shown from greater average DNA migration in decompensated cirrhotic patients than in the compensated cirrhotic patients with low level of oxidative stress. Thus these results suggest that increase in MDA levels may be associated with pathogenesis and progression of liver cirrhosis.

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine sero-prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus co-infection among pregnant women. Viral hepatitis during pregnancy is associated with high risk of maternal complications; infections with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) are public health problems. Worldwide, there are about 350 million HBV carriers and 130 to 170 million people infected with HCV. The presence of HBV and HCV was determined using third-generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA), reactive samples were further confirmed using enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) (Bio-Rad, France). Age group 26-30 and 31-35 had highest frequency of 240 (36.98%) and 206 (31.74%) respectively in HBV and HCV. Sero prevalence of HBV and HCV were 44 (6.78%) and 9 (1.39%) respectively. Prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infection was 1 (0.15%) in age group 31-35. Proper management of maternal hepatitis during the prenatal phase ensures better outcomes in the infant, therefore screening of pregnant women for hepatitis B and C virus are necessary in order to identify those neonates at risk of transmission.

Abstract: A total of 1528 stool samples were examined during a survey of intestinal parasites in 542 members of the Tapirapé ethnic group (279 females and 263 males), who live in the Brazilian Amazon region of Mato Grosso. Overall, 542 individuals from six indigenous villages were enrolled of whom 45 (8.3%) were positive for Hymenolepis nana based on analysis by microscopy of fecal concentrates. H. nana was more prevalent in male individuals (77.8%) as compared to females (22.2%). Moreover, males aged under 15 years have been associated with positivity for H. nana (P = 0.02). This study is the first report of the prevalence of H. nana in members of the indigenous Tapirapé ethnic group from the Brazilian Amazon.

Abstract: Wise men of intellects know that the materialistic human body is genetically controlled, environmentally modulated and controlled by unknown deluding power (Maya) or ULTIMATE. In the current period of time, Lust, Anger, Greed, Pride, Jealous, duplicity, perversity, hypocrisy, malice, heresy, pride, infatuation, concupiscence and arrogance pervade the whole universe. All are unreal, even though remedy is unknown. In this presidential address, I am bringing the new insights of these invisible agents and their remedies in association with diseases of mind, brain and body to provide complete health, doctrine and peace to whole world. The available unfathomable universe (Spirit, Piety, Vedas, Puranas, Agamas, Modern Yoga and Science) has been churned out in the laboratory of Nature and nectar like medicine has been discovered in the form of Ayurvedic, Yoga, Devotion, Wisdom and Dispassion. In brief, the root cause of diseases is the unreal concept of universe that is duality. Where is duality? In real fact, this does not exist and we all are just sleeping in night of delusion. All the human beings are bound to live their life under three humors “Sattva, Rajas and Tamas” and three states “Awaken, Dream and Sound Sleep” under the management of nature as slave of Desire, Senses & Mind. Indeed, all are suffering by time; fate; merit; demerit or disposition, but exact reason is unknown. In this, my approach is to bring the hypothesis of evenness theory in scientific society as the time is constant, only the dangerous waves of ignorance are flowing in the current period of time in all over universe. Under steeped condition, I and other have studied the level of DNA, RNA and Protein that is visible. Thus, we believe science with complete confidence and faith. Is there any remedy available to eradicate these invincible factors of diseases? Yes! Interestingly, in the laboratories of Nature, I have developed the remedies for these invincible factors along with an Ayurvedic formulation for the treatment of Vitiligo. Considering the very limit of Nescience and tremendous grief of whole universe, I have worked little hard to developed some nectar type medicine and in stage to reframe the universe by providing Health, Doctrine & Peace.

Abstract: This was a cross-sectional study involving randomly selected university students from University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) and Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS). Each respondent filled in a consent form prior to an interview. Awareness and prevalence of LSD usage, perceived effects and personal opinions on LSD usefulness were investigated. A total of 310 students (222 males and 88 females) aged between 21 and 35 years were interviewed. About 56.5% (n=175) were non-medical students from UDSM while 135 (43.5%) were medical students from MUHAS. Majority (92%) of the students was aware of LSDs, though only 29.3% of them had used one of 10 tracer LSDs, while 18 (5.8 %) students were uncertain whether they had ever used LSDs or not. Over 81% of LSD users had used alcohols and 43% of those admitted to have been propelled by peer pressure. Euphoria and “good sleep” were the mentioned by 27% of LSDs users as motive for consuming them, while 32.5% said LSDs usage added an extra-financial burden. This is the first study on the prevalence of LDS usage in universities.

Abstract: The effect of serum lipid levels on the incidence and management of tuberculosis has recently been brought to the fore. The aim was to see the effect of nutritional supplementation on susceptibility of organisms of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex to some known antitubercular drugs via effect on serum lipid levels. Blood samples were collected for baseline estimation of serum lipids from 250 tuberculosis patients who were then allocated into four groups including: those taking drugs for tuberculosis(antitubercular drugs) treatment only, those on antitubercular drugs and one boiled egg daily, those on antitubercular drugs and fish oil (1000 IU/day), and those on antitubercular drugs and both egg and fish oil daily, all for a three month duration, at the end of which blood samples were collected for estimation of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and Phospholipids, using appropriate methods. Results shows that though treatment with antitubercular drugs and supplementation with fish oil led to increases in serum lipid levels which were ab initio lower in tuberculosis patients than Healthy controls, supplementation with boiled egg led to a higher increase in serum lipid levels. Supplementation with fish oil also led to the greatest decreases in antitubercular drug resistance. It is thus suggested that supplementation with lipid rich foods in tuberculosis treatment will decrease anti tuberculosis drug resistance and help the global campaign on tuberculosis eradication.

Abstract: Malaria is a serious public health problem in most countries of the tropics. Oxidative stress is related to the severity of malaria, oxidative stress in malaria may originate from several sources including intracellular parasitized erythrocytes and extra-erythrocytes as a result of haemolysis and host response. The aim of this study therefore is to determine the gender difference on stress induced by malaria parasite infection and effect of anti-malaria drug on stress index. 202 confirmed malaria infected patients were recruited for the study between the ages of 15 – 64 years of both sexes at the general outpatient clinic of the Federal Medical Centre, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria. 129(63.9%) were males and 73(36.1%) were females. The mean ± SD of MDA, MPC and WBC in male were significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to female in pre, post anti-malaria drug treatment. Stress induced by malaria parasite was observed higher in male compared to female; gender norms and values that influence the division of labour, leisure patterns, and sleeping arrangements can influence different patterns of exposure to mosquitoes for men and women which responsible for differences in stress induced by malaria parasite among the gender; during malaria treatment, the level of stress induced by malaria parasite was decline due to the effect of anti-malaria drug used.

Abstract: Background to the study: Pathophysiology of Plasmodium (vivax, ovale, falciparum and malariae) infection involves liver. Liver dysfunction and destruction of tissues could be indicated by the plasma level of Total Bile Acid (TBA) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH). Aim and Objective: This work was designed to evaluate the pattern of parasite density, plasma total bile acids, and Lactate dehydrogenase in Plasmodium infected patients in rural community. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in Kishi, the Headquarter of Irepo Local government area of Oyo state - Nigeria. Seven hundred and nine (709) subjects (Female: n=403: male: n=306) aged 5 to 68 years were tested for Plasmodium infection using Giemsa- thick film technique. The overall prevalence of Plasmodium infection among the seven hundred and nine subjects screened was found to be 29.1% (206) including 12.97% (92) HIV, HBsAg and anti-HCV seronagative patients and 16.1% (114) HIV, HBsAg or anti-HCV seropositive patients. Ninety two (92 (12.97%)) that were HIV, HBsAg and anti-HCV seronagative(female-58 (63.0%); male-34 (37%)) were recruited out of 206 (29.1%) that were found to be infected with plasmodium spp for the study. None of the subject was jaundiced as at the time of sample collection. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV tests were carried out by Enzyme Linked Immunozorbent Assay (ELIZA). HIV screening and confirmation were carried out by immuno-chromatographic and Immunobloting (Western blot) assays respectively. Fasting Plasma Total Bile Acids (TBA) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) were analyzed in the patients biochemically by spectrophotometry. Result: The result obtained showed an overall prevalence of Plasmodium infection as 29.1% (206) (female: 107 (52%); male: 99 (48%)) including 12.97% (92) (Female: 58 (63.0%) Male: 34 (37%)) that were HIV, HBsAg and anti-HCV seronagative and 16.1% (114) (Female: 61 (53.5%); Male: 53 (46.5%)) were co-infected with at least one of HIV, HBV or HCV. The plasmodium infected subjects were grouped into three based on the parasite density such as: patients with parasite density of 50-499; 500-999 and ≥1000. The mean value of the parasite density of each group was correlated with the plasma level of LDH and TBA. In all groups there was a strong positive correlation(R=1; R2 =1) between the plasma TBA, LDH and plasmodium parasite density. The pattern of parasite density obtained in the rural community studied include 45.7% had a mean parasite density of 282±12.0; 43.5% (853±31.0) and 10.9% (1130±61.0). There was also a statistical significant increase in the mean value of LDH and TBA with increase in parasite density with p<0.05. Conclusion: This work showed an overall prevalence of 29.1% (206) plasmodium infection including 16.1% (114) of the patients co-infected with at least one of HIV, HBV or HCV. The plasma level of LDH and TBA was also found to be positively correlated and directly proportional to the parasite density. Evaluation of these parameters is therefore recommended for effective control and management.