[1] | Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, “The Japanese Pharmacopoeia 17th edition,” The MHLW Ministerial Notification No. 64, March. 2016. |
|
[2] | Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, “About handling of medical supplies contain glycyrrhizic acid,” The MHLW Ministerial Notification No. 158, February. 1978 (in Japanese). |
|
[3] | Nakagawa, K., Kishida, H., Arai, N., Nishiyama, T. and Mae, T., “Licorice flavonoids suppress abdominal fat accumulation and increase in blood glucose level in obese diabetic KK-Ay mice,” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27 (11). 1775-1778. 2004. |
|
[4] | Tominaga, Y., Mae, T., Kitano. M., Sakamoto, Y., Ikematsu, H. and Nakagawa, K., “Licorice flavonoid oil effects body weight loss by reduction of body fat mass in overweight-subjects,” Journal of Health Science, 52 (6). 672-683. 2006. |
|
[5] | Aoki, F., Honda, S., Kishida, H., Kitano, M., Arai, N., Tanaka, H., Yokota, S., Nakagawa, K., Asakura, T., Nakai, Y. and Mae, T., “Suppression by licorice flavonoids of abdominal fat accumulation and body weight gain in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice,” Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 71 (1). 206-214. 2007. |
|
[6] | Tominaga, Y., Nakagawa, K., Mae, T., Kitano, M., Yokota, S., Arai, T., Ikematsu, H. and Inoue, S., “Licorice flavonoid oil reduces total body fat and visceral fat in overweight subjects: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study,” Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 3 (3). 169-178. 2009. |
|
[7] | Armanini, D., De, Palo, C.B., Mattarello, M.J., Spinella, P., Zaccaria, M., Ermolao, A., Palermo, M., Fiore, C., Sartorato, P., Francini-Pesenti, F. and Karbowiak, I., “Effect of licorice on the reduction of body fat mass in healthy subjects,” Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 26 (7). 646-650. 2003. |
|
[8] | Saunier, E.F., Vivar, O.I., Rubenstein, A., Zhao, X., Olshansky, M., Baggett, S., Staub, R.E., Tagliaferri, M., Cohen, I., Speed, T.P., Baxter, J.D. and Leitman, D.C., “Estrogenic plant extracts reverse weight gain and fat accumulation without causing mammary gland or uterine proliferation,” PLoS One, 6 (12). e28333. 2011. |
|
[9] | Honda, H., Nagai, Y., Matsunaga, T., Okamoto, N., Watanabe, Y., Tsuneyama, K., Hayashi, H., Fujii, I., Ikutani, M., Hirai, Y., Muraguchi, A. and Takatsu, K., “Isoliquiritigenin is a potent inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 96(6). 1087-1100. 2014. |
|
[10] | Watanabe, Y., Nagai, Y., Honda, H., Okamoto, N., Yamamoto, S., Hamashima, T., Ishii, Y., Tanaka, M., Suganami, T., Sasahara, M., Miyake, K. and Takatsu, K., “Isoliquiritigenin Attenuates Adipose Tissue Inflammation in vitro and Adipose Tissue Fibrosis through Inhibition of Innate Immune Responses in Mice,” Scientific Reports, 6. 23097. 2016. |
|
[11] | Ko, B.S., Jang, J.S., Hong, S.M., Sung, S.R., Lee, J.E., Lee, M.Y., Jeon, W.K. and Park, S., “Changes in components, glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid, in raw Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, modify insulin sensitizing and insulinotropic actions, Glycyrrhizin,” Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 71 (6). 1452-1461. 2007. |
|
[12] | Geary, R.C., “Testing for normality,” Biometrika, 34 (3-4). 209-242. 1947. |
|
[13] | Ryan, T.A., “Multiple comparisons in psychological research,” Psychological Bulletin, 56 (1). 26-47. 1959. |
|
[14] | Ryan, T.A., “Significance tests for multiple comparison of proportions, variances, and other statistics,” Psychological Bulletin, 57. 318-328. 1960. |
|
[15] | Ozaki, M., Fujita, T., Kumagai, Y. and Otani, Y., “A retrospective study for determining the starting dose in first-in-human studies on Japanese healthy volunteers,” Japanese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 37 (3). 119-126. 2006. |
|
[16] | Jayaprakasam, B., Doddaga, S., Wang, R., Holmes, D., Goldfarb, J. and Li, X.M., “Licorice flavonoids inhibit eotaxin-1 secretion by human fetal lung fibroblasts in vitro,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57 (3). 820-825. 2009. |
|
[17] | Revelo, X.S., Luck, H., Winer, S. and Winer, D.A., “Morphological and inflammatory changes in visceral adipose tissue during obesity,” Endocrine Pathology, 25 (1). 93-101. 2014. |
|
[18] | Bremer, A.A., Devaraj, S., Afify, A. and Jialal, I., “Adipose tissue dysregulation in patients with metabolic syndrome,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96 (11). E1782- E1788. 2011. |
|
[19] | Shaul, M.E., Bennett, G., Strissel, K.J., Greenberg, A.S. and Obin, M.S., “Dynamic, M2-like remodeling phenotypes of CD11c+ adipose tissue macrophages during high-fat diet--induced obesity in mice,” Diabetes, 59 (5). 171-181. 2010. |
|
[20] | Gustafson, B., “Adipose tissue, inflammation and atherosclerosis,” Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 17 (4). 332-341. 2010. |
|
[21] | Baker, R.G., Hayden, M.S. and Ghosh, S., “NF-κB, inflammation, and metabolic disease,” Cell Metabolism, 13 (1). 11-22. 2011. |
|
[22] | Kanda, H., Tateya, S., Tamori, Y., Kotani, K., Hiasa, K., Kitazawa, R., Kitazawa, S., Miyachi, H., Maeda, S., Egashira, K. and Kasuga, M., “MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, 116 (6). 1494-1505. 2006. |
|
[23] | Minegishi, Y., Haramizu, S., Misawa, K., Shimotoyodome, A., Hase, T. and Murase, T., “Deletion of nuclear factor-κB p50 upregulates fatty acid utilization and contributes to an anti-obesity and high-endurance phenotype in mice,” Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 309 (6). E523-533. 2015. |
|