[1] | Chandrasegaran, A. L., Treagust, D. F., Waldrip, B. G., Chandrasegaran, A., “Students’ dilemmas in reaction stoichiometry problem solving: deducing the limiting reagent in chemical reactions,” Chem. Educ. Res. Pract., 10, 14-23, Nov. 2008. |
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[2] | Toth, Z., “Limiting Reactant: An Alternative Analogy,” J. Chem. Educ., 76(7), 934, Jul.1999. |
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[3] | Silversmith, E. F., “Limiting and Excess Reagents, Theoretical Yield,” J. Chem. Educ., 62(1), 61, Jan.1985. |
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[4] | Phillips, J. C., “A Graphical Representation of Limiting Reactant,” J. Chem. Educ., 71(12), 1048, Dec.1994. |
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[5] | Sostarecz, M. C., Sostarecz, A. G., “A Conceptual Approach to Limiting-Reagent Problems,” J. Chem. Educ., 89(9), 1148-1151, Jul.2012. |
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[6] | Artdej, R., Thongpanchang, T., “Dramatic Classroom Demonstration of Limiting Reagent Using the Vinegar and Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Reaction,” J. Chem. Educ., 85(10), 1382-1384, Oct.2008. |
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[7] | Kildahl, N., Berka, L. H., “Experiments for Modern Introductory Chemistry: Limiting Reagent, Stoichiometry, and the Mole,” J. Chem. Educ., 70(8), 671-673, Aug.1993. |
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[8] | Zundahl, S. S., Chemical Principles, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 2005, 72-77. |
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[9] | McMurry, J., Fay, R. C., Chemistry, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2003, 88-91. |
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[10] | Moog, R. S., Farrell, J. J., Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2011, 175. |
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[11] | Silberberg, M. S., Principles of General Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010, 92-98. |
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[12] | Moore, J. T., Langley, R. T., Chemistry for the Utterly Confused, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2007, 36-38. |
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[13] | Ebbing, D. D., Gammon, S. D., General Chemistry, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 2009, 107-112. |
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[14] | Chang, R., Overby, J., General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2011, 83-87. |
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[15] | Whitten, K., Davis, R., Peck, M. L., General Chemistry, Cengage Learning, Boston, 1999, 96-100. |
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[16] | Rosemberg, J. L., Epstein, L. M., Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of College Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010, 45. |
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[17] | Goldberg, D. E., Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Beginning Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005, 144-147. |
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[18] | The term “stoichiometric amount of substance” has been used before: see [19], for instance. It is the amount of substance added or subtracted from the system according to this definition. However, I believe the term have a proper use as I propose here, using “stoichiometric amount of substance” to designate the amount of substance “normalized” by its stoichiometric coefficient. |
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[19] | Siggaard-Andersen, O., Durst, R. A., Maas, A. H. J., “Approved Recommendation (1984) on Physico-Chemical Quantities and Units in Chemistry with Special Emphasis on Activities and Activity Coefficients,” J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 25(6), 369-391, Jun.1987. |
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[20] | For definitions the symbol ““ is appropriate. See [21]. |
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[21] | Cohen, E. R., Cvitas, T., Frey, J. G., Holmström, B., Kuchitsu, K., Marquardt, R., Mills, I., Pavese, F., Quack, M., Stohner, J., Strauss, H. L., Takami, M., Thor, A. J., Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, IUPAC Green Book, IUPAC & RSC Publishing, Cambridge, 2008, 53, 105. |
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[22] | Reaction extent at time t is defined as and it is always positive, since for reagents and , and for products and . It is frequently used in “equilibrium tables” in the form of (without “t”, mostly), if V is volume. For an advisable reading about its importance and scope, consult [23]. |
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[23] | Moretti, G., “The “extent of reaction”: a powerful concept to study chemical transformations at the first-year general chemistry courses,” Found. Chem., 17(2), 107-115, Jul.2014. |
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[24] | Abbott, M. M., Van Ness, H. C., Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, 274. |
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[25] | See observation in [22]. |
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[26] | Here it is assumed the stoichiometric coefficients do not change through the reaction, or that the reaction has a time-independent stoichiometry. For a brief comment on this matter, consult [27]. |
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[27] | Laidler, K. J., Chemical Kinetics, Harper & Row, New York, 1987, 4-6. |
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[28] | The symbol “” stands for “conditional” or “implication” arrow, and means “if… then …”. Given two propositions p and q, means “if p, then q”. |
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[29] | The symbol “” stands for “biconditional” or “equivalence” arrow. The expression “” means “p if and only if q”, that is to say the following implications hold: and . |
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[30] | Notice that eqs 32 and 33 have the following notation according to “stoichiometric amount of substance” definition: (eq 32) and (eq 33). |
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[31] | Topchiev, A. V., Zavgorodnii, S. V., Paushkin, Ya. M., Boron Fluoride and Its Compounds as Catalysts in Organic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, London, 1985, 14. |
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