Identification of Molecular Biomarkers for Food Quality Assessment of Oysters Exposed to Hypoxia

So Yun Park¹, Jinik Hwang¹, Juyun Lee², Youngjae Chung³, Donggiun Kim⁴ and Taek-Kyun Lee^1,

¹South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology,Geoje,Republic of Korea

²Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation, Seoul, Republic of Korea

³Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shingyeong University, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea

⁴Department of Biological Science, Silla University, Busan, Republic of Korea

Cite this paper:
So Yun Park, Jinik Hwang, Juyun Lee, Youngjae Chung, Donggiun Kim and Taek-Kyun Lee. Identification of Molecular Biomarkers for Food Quality Assessment of Oysters Exposed to Hypoxia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2017; 5(3):156-159. doi: 10.12691/jfnr-5-3-3

Abstract

Hypoxia, corresponding to a low oxygen concentration of less than 2.8 mg O₂/L (91.4 mM), may cause serious problems in marine environments. In this study, we applied differential display PCR and fatty acid analysis to investigate molecular biomarkers for assessing hypoxic effects using the oyster, Crassostrea gigas, as a model organism. Oysters were exposed to normoxic (7.6 mg O₂/L) or hypoxic (1.8 mg O₂/L) concentrations of dissolved oxygen for 2 days. We found that glutamine synthetase (GS) gene expression decreased and glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene expression increased in oysters exposed to hypoxia. In addition, linoleic acid content significantly decreased following hypoxic exposure compared with controls. Collectively, our findings indicate that GS and GST expression levels and linoleic acid content are potentially good biomarkers for analyzing the effects of hypoxia.

Keywords:
hypoxia biomarkers DD-PCR fatty acid oyster

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Schiff, K. and Bay, S, “Impacts of stormwater discharges on the nearshore benthic environment of Santa Monica Bay,” Mar Environ Res, 56, 225-243, 2003.
[2]	Cooper, T.F., Gilmour, J.P, Fabricius, K.E, “Bioindicators of changes in water quality on coral reefs: review and recommendations for monitoring programmes,” Coral Reefs, 28, 589-606, 2009.
[3]	Schettino, T., Caricato, R., Calisi, A., Giordano, M.E., and Lionetto, M.G, “Biomarker approach in marine monitoring and assessment: New insights and perspectives,” Open Environ Sci, 6. 20-37.
[4]	Beiras, R. and Albentosa, M, “Inhibition of embryo development of the commercial bivalves Ruditapes decussatus and Mytilus galloprovincialis by trace metals; implications for the implementation of seawater quality criteria,” Aquaculture, 230, 205-213, 2004.
[5]	Kobayashi, N. and Okamura, H, “Effects of heavy metals on sea urchin embryo development. 1. Tracing the cause by the effects.” Chemosphere, 55, 1403-1412, 2004.
[6]	Rutherford, J.L.D. and Thuesen, E.V, “Metabolic performance and survival of medusae in estuarine hypoxia,” Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 294, 189-200, 2005.
[7]	Wannamaker, C.M. and Rice, J.A, “Effects of hypoxia on movements and behavior of selected estuarine organisms from the southeastern United States,” J Exp Mar Bio Ecol, 249, 145-163, 2000.
[8]	Norkko, J., Pilditch, C.A, Thrush, S.F., and Wells, R.M.G, “Effects of food availability and hypoxia on bivalves: the value of using multiple parameters to measure bivalve condition in environmental studies,” Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 298, 205-218, 2005.
[9]	Tello, D., Balsa, E., Acosta-Iborra, B., Fuertes-Yebra, E., Elorza, A., Ordonez, A., Corral-Escariz, M., Soro, I., Lopez-Bernardo, E., Perales-Clemente, E., Martinez-Ruiz, A., Enriquez, J.A., Aragones, J., Cadenas, S., and Landazure M.O, “Induction of the mitochondrial NDUFA4L2 Protein by HIF-1α decreases oxygen consumption by inhibiting complex I activity,” Cell Metab, 14, 768-779, 2011.
[10]	Yu, R.M., Chen, E.X., Kong, R.Y., Ng P. K., Mok, H.O.L., and Au, D.W.T, “Hypoxia induces telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene expression in non-tumor fish tissues in vivo: the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) model,” BMC Mol Biol, 7, 1-12, 2006.
[11]	Wong, M.M., Yu, R.M., Ng, P.K., Law, S.H.W., Tsang A.K.C., Kong, R.Y.C, “Characterization of a hypoxia-responsive leptin receptor (omLepR(L)) cDNA from the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma),” Mar Pollut Bull, 54, 797-803, 2007.
[12]	Folch, J., Lees, M., and Sloane Stanley, G.H, A “simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues,” J Biol Chem, 226, 497-509, 0957.
[13]	Suh, S.S., Kim, S.J., Hwang, J., Park, M., Lee, T.K., Kil, E.J. and Lee, S, “Fatty acid methyl ester profiles and nutritive values of 20 marine microalgae in Korea,” Asian Pac J Trop Med, 8, 191-196, 2015.
[14]	Castegna, A., Palmieri, L., Spera, I., Porcelli, V., Palmieri, F., Jabis-Pedrine, M.J., Kean, R.B., Barkhouse D.A., Curtis M.T., and Hooper, D.C, “Oxidative stress and reduced glutamine synthetase activity in the absence of inflammation in the cortex of mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis,” Neuroscience, 185, 97-105, 2011.
[15]	Lee, H.J., Abdula, S.E., Jang, D.W., Park, S.H., Yoon, U.H, Jung, Y.J., Kang, K.K., Nou I.S., and Cho, Y.G, “Overexpression of the glutamine synthetase gene modulates oxidative stress response in rice after exposure to cadmium stress,” Plant Cell Rep, 32, 1521-1529, 2013.
[16]	Woo, S., Denis, V., Won, H., Shin, K., Lee, G., Lee, T.K., and Yum, S, “Expressions of oxidative stress-related genes and antioxidant enzyme activities in Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia, Mollusca) exposed to hypoxia,” Zoological Studies, 52, 1-8, 2013.
[17]	Sanina, N.M., Goncharova, S.N., and Kostetsky, E.Y, “Fatty acid composition of individual polar lipid classes from marine macrophytes,” Phytochemistry, 65, 721-730, 2004.
[18]	Nowak, G., Grant, D.F., and Moran, J.H, “Linoleic acid epoxide promotes the maintenance of mitochondrial function and active Na+ transport following hypoxia,” Toxicol Lett, 147, 161-175, 2004.
[19]	Moran, J.H., Mitchell, L.A., Bradbury, J.A, Qu, W., Zeldin, D.C., Schnellmann, R.G., and Grant, D.F, “Analysis of the cytotoxic properties of linoleic acid metabolites produced by renal and hepatic P450s,” Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 168, 268-279, 2000.