Food Sources and Lysine Intakes of Filipinos: Why Is It Important?

Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa^1, , Frances Pola S. Arias^{1, 2} and Marvin B. Toledo¹

¹Department of Science and Technology- Food and Nutrition Research Institute, NCR Philippines

²Department of Science and Technology- Science Education Institute, NCR Philippines

Cite this paper:
Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa, Frances Pola S. Arias and Marvin B. Toledo. Food Sources and Lysine Intakes of Filipinos: Why Is It Important?. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2020; 8(4):201-211. doi: 10.12691/jfnr-8-4-7

Abstract

Lysine is one of the essential amino acids for normal growth and development. However, it is the limiting amino acid in rice which is the staple food of Filipinos. The aim of this study is to evaluate the lysine intakes of selected Filipino populations and determine the vulnerable population groups that are at risk of having inadequacy of lysine intake by locale and wealth quintile. The data is obtained from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey with about 8,592 sample households (response rate: 87.7%) and 35,884 individuals used in the current analysis: 6-11 months old (n=355), 1-3 years old (n=1,450), 4-10 yo (n=6,909), 11-14 yo (n=4,060), 15-18 yo (n=3,204), and 19-49 yo (n=19,906). Food intake was collected on 2 non-consecutive days. The first food recall was collected from all household members. The second day recall was only from a random sub-sample of 50% of those members with a first day recall. Energy and nutrient content of foods were processed using an electronic Individual Dietary Evaluation System containing the updated Philippines Food Composition Table. Mean and usual lysine intake was estimated using the PC Software for Intake Distribution Estimation version 1.02. The mean intake of lysine of Filipinos is adequate across all physiologic age groups. However, the prevalence of lysine inadequacy was highest among 6 to 11 months old children (54%). For other agegroups, prevalence were 14% among 1-3 yo, about 2% among 4-10 yo; 8% among 11-14 yo; 13% among 15-18 yo, and 15% among 19-49 yo. Lysine inadequacy was also most common among females, the poorest sectors, and in the rural areas. Lysine intake of stunted children is lower than normal children. The result of this study is a step forward to design immediate interventions to address the marked inadequate lysine intake of the 6 to 11 months old infants.

Keywords:
lysine amino acids food sources nutrient intake physiological groups

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Wu, G., "Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition," Amino Acids, 37. 1-17. 2009.
[2]	Brown, MJ, “Animal vs plant protein-what's the difference,” June 17, 2017. Available: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/animal-vs-plant-protein. [Accessed May 6, 2020].
[3]	American Society for Nutrition, “Protein complementation,” March 22, 2011. Available: https://nutrition.org/protein-complementation/. [Accessed April 6, 2018].
[4]	Griffith, R.S., Walsh, D.E., Myrmel, K.H., Thompson, R.W. and Behforooz A., "Success of L-lysine therapy in frequently recurrent herpes simplex infection," Dermatologica, 175(4). 183-90. 1987.
[5]	Ghosh, S., Smriga, M., Vuvor, F., Suri, D. and Mohammed, H., "Effect of lysine supplementation on health and morbidity in subjects belonging to poor peri-urban households in Accra, Ghana," Am J Clin Nutr , 92(4). 928-939. 2010.
[6]	Zhao, W., Zhai, F., Zhang, D., An, Y. and Liu, Y., “Lysine-fortified wheat flour improves the nutritional and immunological status of wheat-eating families in northern China," Food Nutr Bull, 25(2). 123-129. 2004.
[7]	Hussain, T., Abbas, S., Khan, M.A., and Scrimshaw, N.S., "Lysine fortification of wheat flour improves selected indices of the nutritional status of predominantly cereal-eating families in Pakistan," Food Nutr Bull, 25. 114-122. 2004.
[8]	Rudd, C.E., Trevillyan, J.M., Dasgupta, J.D., Wong, L.L., and Schlossman, S.F., "The CD4 receptor is complexed in detergent lysates to a protein-tyrosine kinase (pp58) from human T lymphocytes," Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 85(14). 5190-5194. July. 988.
[9]	Food and Agriculture Organization, “Report of an FAO expert consultation-Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition,” Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. 66. 2013.
[10]	Tome, D., and Bos, C., "Lysine requirement through the human life cycle," Journal of Nutrition, 137(6). 1642s-1645. 2007.
[11]	Kurpad, A.V., Regan, M.M., Raj, T., Vasudevan, J., Kuriyan, R., Gnanou, J., and Young, V.R., "Lysine requirements of chronically undernourished adult Indian men, measured by a 24-hr indicator amino acid oxidation and balance technique," Am J Clin Nutr , 77(1). 101-8. 2003.
[12]	Pennstate Hershey, “Lysine,” 2015. [Online]. Available: http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000312 [Accessed March 1, 2020].
[13]	Food and Nutrition Research Institute- Department of Science and Technology (FNRI-DOST), "Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2013: 8th National Nutrition Survey," Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Taguig City, Metro Manila, Philippines. 2015.
[14]	Carriquiry, A., "Assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy," Public health Nutr, 2(1). 23-33. 1998.
[15]	Lopez-Olmedo, N., Carriquiry, A.L., Rodriguez-Ramirez, S., Ramirez-Silva, I., Espinosa-Montero, J., Hernandez-Barrera, L., Campirano, F., Martinez-Tapia, B., Rivera, J.A., "Usual intake of added sugars and saturated fats is high while dietary fiber is low in the Mexican population," J Nutr , 146(9). 1856S-65S. 2016.
[16]	World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations Library, “Joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation on protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition,” World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland .2007.
[17]	Denney, L., Angeles-Agdeppa, I., Capanzana, M.V., Toledo, M.B., Donohue, J. and Carriquiry, A., "Nutrient intakes and food sources of filipino infants, toddlers and young children are inadequate: findings from the National Nutrition Survey 2013," Nutrients, 10(11). 1730. 2018.
[18]	Uauy, R., Kurpad, A., Tano-Debrah, K., Otto, G.E., Aaron, G.A., Toride, Y., Ghosh, S., "Role of protein and amino acids in infant and young child nutrition: protein and amino acid needs and relationship with child growth," J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 61. S192-S194. 2015.
[19]	Huey, S.L., Mehta,S., “Stunting: The Need for Application of Advances in Technology to Understand a Complex Health Problem,” EBiomedicine,6. 26-27.2016.
[20]	Pellett, P.L., "World essential amino acid supply with special attention to South-east Asia," Food Nutr Bull, 17(3). 1-31 .1996.
[21]	Heack, J., Nieves, J.W., Chen, Y., Parvez, F., Brandt-Rauf, P.W., Howe, G.R. and Ahsan, H., "Protein and amino acid intakes in a rural area of Bangladesh," Food Nutr Bull, 31(2). 206-213. 2010.
[22]	Pellett, P.L., and Ghosh, S., "Lysine fortification: past, present, and future," Food Nutr Bull, 25(2), 107-113. 2004.