Abstract: The objective was to investigate groundwater quality in boreholes located in Uyo urbanized state capital, and four contiguous Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Ibiono Ibom, Ikot Ekpene, Itu and Nsit Ubium, under Coastal Plain Sands(CPS) formation, for spatial and temporal variability of groundwater quality and compatibility with Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ)indicating prospects of pollution diffusion due to urbanization spread. Standard examination methods were employed as well as morphological and bacteriological counts. Data on waterquality properties were statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 17 for descriptive statistics, covariance (CV), ANOVA and for percentage compatibility computations. Data on Uyo samples showed the lowest values while Ibiono showed median values; heavy metals showed highest spatial variability at CV ≥ 35%. Significant difference (P < 0.1) was observed in temporal variability between 2013 and 1993 values (20 years interval). The suggested causes were: spread of pollution by construction ruts, stagnant polluted water, and vehicular traffic commuting urban-rural areas, open uncontrolled dumping of various solid/organic wastes, insanitary handling of water and wastewater and low standard of borehole drilling in rural-urban fringe adjusting to suburbanization. Compatibility with NSDWQ varied per parameter and location but were generally within acceptable standards; however, iron, lead and cadmium in the contiguous LGAs were higher in concentrations and should be periodically monitored. Bacterial counts, especially coliform count exceeded standard MPN and called for sanitation intensification.

Abstract: Three point sources of pollution of urban drainage stream, Uyo, namely: Municipal Solid Water Leachate effluent (MSWL), Municipal Waste Water (MWW) and Abattoir Waste Water (AWW),were identified and characterized using standard water examination methods to determine their constituent quality.Variance homogeneity, correlations of paired PS were tested with ANOVA and covariance using SPSS version 17. Paired samples correlations showed very high correlations (R = 92 – 99%). However, when properties were disaggregated into similar elemental constituents and tested, AWW and MSWL (in wet season) showed variance difference in solids and nutrients; all others showed variance homogeneity in heavy metals. Selective monitoring and control of common critical constituent pollutants is recommended.

Abstract: This paper makes an attempt to delineate groundwater potential zones in a catchment by using scientific information of lithology, topography, geophysical characterization and their interrelationship. On the basis of relative contribution of each of thematic layers towards groundwater potential, the weight of each thematic map has been selected. The individual theme weight was multiplied by its respective class weight and then all the raster thematic layers were aggregated in a linear combination equation. Groundwater potential zones map revealed that the plain areas are prospective zones in the catchment and can be helpful in better planning and management of ground resources.

Abstract: Availability of water for daily activities has constituted serious challenge at the College of Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti. Hence, geophysical study of the College was conducted to investigate its groundwater potential with a view to proffer solution to water availability in the study area. Profiling and Vertical electrical sounding methods were employed using Dipole - Dipole and Schlumberger configuration respectively. Eight points were sounded along three traverses and one profile was occupied. Five different subsurface lithologic units were established namely; lateritic topsoil, sandy-clay, weathered basement, fractured basement and, fresh basement. The curve types range between simple K, H to complex HA, HK and KH. The topsoil, sandy-clay and weathered basement materials are characterised with relatively low resistivity values while the fresh basement materials are characterized with high resistivity values. The average resistivity and thickness values for the topsoil are 178Ωm and 1.0m respectively. Sandy-clay was encountered in six locations with average resistivity and thickness values of 23Ωm and 7.0m respectively. Weathered basement was encountered in six locations with average resistivity and thickness values of 231Ωm and 8.0m respectively. Fractured basement was encountered in four locations with average resistivity and depth to the top of fracture values of 294Ωm and 18.0m respectively. Basement is relatively shallow in the study area, it was encountered in three locations and the average resistivity and depth values to the top of basement are 1000Ωm, and 11.0m respectively. Overburden thickness was established in six locations with an average value of 11.0m. The combination of overburden materials with the fractured basement constitutes aquiferous units within the study area. The groundwater potential of the area is rated as medium with VES 2 and 5 more promising.

Abstract: The importance of safe water supply to human health cannot be over emphasized. However, potable water supply to most Nigerian cities is still inadequate. This study was designed to determine households’ access to potable water supply in Yenagoa, in terms of quality and quantity. To achieve this aim, 15 borehole water samples were collected from 15 neighbourhoods, which the metropolis was structured. 375 questionnaires were randomly distributed in these neighbourhoods using the systematic sampling technique. The analyses revealed that both the quality and quantity of water supply in Yenagoa were inadequate. For instance, turbidity values (20.70-41.20 NTU) in all the sampled water were above the WHO 5 NTU threshold; while 7 (46.67%) samples have pH values below the WHO minimum value of 6.5, indicating acidity. Similarly, iron and lead also have 4 (26.67%) and 3 (20%) samples above the WHO thresholds of 0.3mg/l and 0.01mg/l respectively. The analyses of the quantity of water supply in Yenagoa also show that in spite of the proliferations of wells and boreholes, and the short distances to sources of major water supply, 29.28% of sampled respondents used below 20 litres of water per capita per day. This is mainly attributed to the high cost of water supply (average of N4, 500 per month) in relation to the monthly minimum national wage of N18, 000. It is therefore recommended that the State Government should as a matter of urgency revive and increase the capacity of the state water corporation to deliver potable water supply to the people at reasonable cost.

Abstract: Geophysical study of the North-eastern part of Owo was conducted to investigate the geoelectric characteristics of its aquiferous units and its implication on groundwater potential of the area. Vertical electrical sounding method was employed and Schlumberger configuration was adopted. Thirty-two points were sounded along three different sections of the town namely; Idasen, Okedogbon and Express (Figure 1). Six different subsurface lithologic units were established namely; lateritic topsoil, clay, sand, quartzite, weathered/fractured basement and, basement. The curve types range between simple H, K, HA, HK, KH to complex, HKH, KHA and KHK. The topsoil, clay, sand and weathered basement materials are characterised with relatively low resistivity values while the quartzite ridge materials are characterized with high resistivity values. The average resistivity and thickness values for the topsoil are 220 Ωm and 2.0 m respectively. Clay was encountered across Okedogbon and Express area of the town and the average resistivity and thickness values of 34 Ωm and 6.0 m respectively. Sand was encountered across the entire study area with average resistivity and thickness values of 115 Ωm and 11.0 m respectively. Quartzite was encountered in all the locations with average resistivity and thickness values of 611 Ωm and 11.0 m respectively. Weathered/fractured basement was encountered across the three sections with average resistivity and thickness values of 86 Ωm and 12.0 m respectively. Basement is relatively deep in the study area and the average resistivity and depth values to the top of basement are 878 Ωm, and 24 m respectively. Overburden thickness was established across the area with an average value of 20 m. The overburden materials with the fractured basement constitutes aquiferous units within the study area though the sand and weathered basement units are largely responsible for the groundwater potential. The groundwater potential of the area is moderate with Express area having the highest potential.

Abstract: An estimated 96 percent of deaths related to natural disasters in the past decade occurred in developing countries. Flooding is one of the greatest water-related environmental disasters and is the major concern in West Bengal state in India. The number of people vulnerable to devastating floods is expected to rise due to large-scale urbanization, population growth in flood-prone areas, land use changes, climate change and rising sea levels apart from its contributions to the biodiversity and sustainability of ecosystems and to many human activities. New disaster risk reduction approaches are needed to build the necessary capacity to address these challenges. Based on this context, an investigation is made in the state of West Bengal in India over six years of extreme rainfall event highlighting the flooding situation interlinked with the structural and non-structural measures and its management strategy. West Bengal State experience heavy precipitation particularly in the months of September and October consequently upon low pressure/depressions developed in the Bay of Bengal during the years 1956, 1959, 1978, 1995, 1999 and 2000, which faced such worst type of rainfall and the year 2000 may be designated as the year of the worst precipitation in terms of quantum, intensity and duration. Lack of control structures coupled with very high discharge in the rivers during the year 2000 resulted in prolonged agony for a large number of people within the state. It is also attempted to develop a neuro-genetic models to identify the relationship between return period and extreme rainfall event.

Abstract: Land use data source can contribute to errors in watershed modeling. This paper evaluated the effects of using site-specific versus county-level aggregated land use data on Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) simulated contaminant losses. Site-specific land use was derived from the local watershed land use inventory while aggregated land use was derived from county-level data (percentage of county land in various land use categories and sub-categories). County level data are useful when modeling large watersheds such as the Chesapeake Bay Watershed when collection and use of site-specific data may be cost prohibitive. The study site was the 14,941 ha predominately rural Upper Opequon Watershed in northern Virginia, USA. Percentage relative errors in model output were calculated and compared using the two land use data sources. Results showed that use of aggregated land use data resulted in 13, 3 and 4 percent higher simulated sediment, and total nitrogen and phosphorus losses, respectively due to overestimated cropland area. The higher contaminant losses would suggest the need for more management measures to meet water quality goals. This study suggests that while the use of county-level aggregated land use data may be appropriate for developing basin scale pollutant reduction goals such as those in total maximum daily load (TMDL) plans, it should be used with extreme caution for watershed planning and implementation activities on smaller watersheds that may mandate site-specific changes in land management and costs for landowners. For smaller watersheds, TMDLs and their watershed implementation plans should utilize local site-specific spatial data that accurately reflects watershed conditions. This will help target resources where they are most needed and maintain credibility with local stakeholders while improving the accuracy of the developed pollution reduction plans.

Abstract: Multivariate statistical techniques involving factor analysis (FA) and R-mode hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed on 30 groundwater samples from Rangampeta, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, South India to extract principal processes controlling the water chemistry. The groundwater samples were analyzed for distribution of chemical elements Ca, Mg, Na, K, Si, HCO₃, CO₃, Cl, and SO₄. It also includes pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). Gibbs diagrams were also constructed to identify the processes that are responsible in controlling the water chemistry. Factor analysis extracted for four factors consisting of F1 (with high loading factor of Cl, EC, Mg and Na), F2 (with high loading factor of K, (HCO₃+CO₃) and Ca), F3 (with high loading factor of pH and Si) and F4 (with high loading factor of SO₄). The varifactors obtained from Factor analysis indicated that the parameters responsible for groundwater quality variations are mainly related to groundwater-rock interaction (particularly weathering of silicate minerals), agriculture and anthropogenic sources. With HC analysis the water samples have been classified into 4 clusters. Cluster I (13 wells) and cluster II (8 wells) have shown moderate salinity. However, cluster IV (4 wells) had the lowest concentrations of ions and classified as fresh water. Cluster III (5 wells) shows mid salinity between (I and II) and IV clusters. The distribution of these groundwater types and their quality has been found to be an in direct relation with the host rocks of the area. The results showed that the method was comprehensive and efficient in analyzing the dynamics of water quality.

Abstract: In this study, the river management modelling was analysed based on ecology at a critical approach. Our laws and legal arrangements that are one of the significant water resources, affect our river management. This modelling obtains these laws and legal arrangement’s effective and problems. These problems create to ensure ecological sustainability. So, we used SWOT analysis for the existing laws and institutions. Also we discussed the methodological approaches that the protection of nature is important taking a decision and runtime for the place of the institutional structuring. The river management modelling develops for our country from taking the European Water Framework Directive’s knowledge. In addition, to ensure the monitoring of ecological criteria which constitutes important basis for planning of watershed, vegetation, aquatic wildlife and coastal land use systematic recommendations have been created. Development of the river management and application can be settled in our country. The river management is also important for our energy about natural life and transportation.