Abstract: The theoretical tools of optical transformation and conformal mapping have enabled the transference of the concept of invisibility from the realms of mythology to scientific reality. A number of attempts have been made to achieve invisibility which relied on Nano or micro fabricated artificial composite material with spatially varying electro-magnetic properties. This approach limits the size of the invisibility region to a few wavelengths and is also very costly. Here, we experimentally solve this problem by designing a structure with low cost materials and simple manufacturing techniques based on the principles of refraction and lateral shift. This cloak developed is able to conceal macroscopic object of sizes of at least 3 orders of magnitude larger than the wavelength of light in all three dimensions. This clock can find huge application in defense and transformation optics.

Abstract: We propose a new model of the interaction between photons and electrons. During this interaction, the photon’s direction of movement does not change. The electron’s velocity along the photon’s direction of movement is close to c/2 in order to allow the interaction to proceed. During the photon and electron energy exchange process, when an electron’s speed is less than 0.7071c and greater than 0.5c, the photon will lose energy while the electron will gain energy; when an electron’s speed is more than 0.7071c, the photon will gain energy while the electron loses energy. Three physical experiments are proposed. In the first experiment, the electron speed is set to 0.6c and a red-shift is expected to occur. In the second experiment, the electron speed is set to 0.8c and a blue-shift is expected to occur. In the third experiment, the electron speed is set to 0.7071c or 0.4c. The theory predicts that there won’t be a photon wavelength change.

Abstract: Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) were developed by radiation induced grafting of styrene onto poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) membranes using two steps technique. Subsequent sulfonation on the PET films was conducted by chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO₃H). The PET films in 45% styrene solution at 1500 krad dose has found to show the highest grafting (17.4%) in both techniques while the maximum degree of sulfonation was noticed to be 9% with a soaking time 150 minutes. Surface morphology was investigated from scanning electron microgram (SEM). Proton exchange capacity (PEC) was confirmed by pH change in 0.01 M NaCl solution. Optical and electrical characteristics of the PEMs were performed by the measurements of FTIR optical absorption, electrical impedance, and electrical resistance respectively.

Abstract: This document gives formatting instructions for authors preparing papers for publication in the journal. Authors are encouraged to prepare manuscripts directly using this template. This template demonstrates format requirements for the Journal.

Abstract: This paper presents the predictability of phosphorus removal based on simultaneously removed sulphur and mass-input of iron ore leached in potassium hydroxide. The reaction vessel containing the solution and ore was heated at a temperature of 600°C for 10minutes. The model; P = 61.8477 x 10^-3μ - 2.27S shows that the predicted concentration of removed phosphorus, is dependent on the mass-input of iron oxide ore and the concentration of sulphur simultaneously removed during the reduction process. The validity of the model is rooted in the expression k₁P = (2μ – k₂S) where both sides of the expression are correspondingly equal. The maximum deviation of the model-predicted (D-Model) concentrations of removed phosphorus (during the beneficiation process) from the concentrations obtained from experiment is less than 3.6861%. This translates to confidence level of over 96%. The concentrations of phosphorus removed per unit mass-input of iron oxide ore as obtained from experiment (ExD), derived model (D-Model) and regression model (R-Model) are 1.01, 1.1549 and 0.87 mg kg^-1 g^-1 respectively. Similarly, the concentrations of phosphorus removed per unit concentration of sulphur simultaneously removed as obtained from experiment, D-Model and R-Model are 1.8843, 2.1546 and 1.6231 mg kg^-1 (mg kg^-1)^-1 respectively. The standard errors in D-Model prediction of the removed phosphorus concentration for each value of simultaneously removed sulphur concentration is 0.0167 compared to ExD (0.6439) and R-Model (2.05 x 10^-5). The F-test result between D-Model and R-Model based on removed sulphur concentration is 0.6926, and 0.7633 between D-Model and experimental results. F-test result between R-Models (based on ore mass-input and removed sulphur concentration) was evaluated as 0.9933. D-Model predicted values agree with the experiment that the concentration of phosphorus removed is ≈ 2.3 times higher than the simultaneously removed sulphur concentration.

Abstract: Wastewater treatment is essential to protecting the environment and human welfare. Water is a resource that is fundamental to human life, which makes taking action to protect the resource on the forefront of research. Treated wastewater effluent is a possible source that can pollute receiving water bodies and cause contamination. It is often discharged into larger bodies of water that are used in people’s everyday lives. A new and novel approach technology is introduced to treat the waste water. Electromagnetic waste water is old but approached in new way to reduce the pollutant level. By applying this method chemical oxygen demand 1500mg, hardness80mg/l, suspended soild 65mg/l was reduced respectively. The purpose of the research described herein is to test the feasibility of alternative wastewater by electromagnetic methods. Treatment facilities are implementing alternative technologies, though the cost and efficiency associated with these practices leave much room in the wastewater field for innovation.

Abstract: Nanosized fibrous cerium phosphates, Ce(HPO₄)₂.2.9H₂O (nCeP_f), was prepared and characterized. Poly (vinylalcohol)/fibrous cerium phosphate nanocomposite membranes of different weight percentages (2.5,5,10 and 20 wt %) were synthesized. and found to be transparent flexible thin films. They were characterized by chemical, XRD, TGA analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images of PVA/nCeP_f nanocomposites show fibrous cerium phosphate in the nanometer scale, in the range of 12-15 nm, and was dispersed in the PVA matrix. The composite materials show to have mechanical and thermal stability properties superior to that of the original polymer. The exchange capacities of composite membranes were investigated and found to be equivalent to summation of ion exchange capacities of PVA and the inorganic filler (nCeP_f) wt % loading.

Abstract: Nanosized fibrous cerium phosphate, Ce(HPO₄)₂.2.9H₂O(nCeP_f), and α- Zirconium -Titanium Phosphates, Zr_xTi_1-x(HPO₄)₂.H₂O(α-ZTP), where x = 0.9, 0.8, 0. 67, 0.34, were synthesized. Novel composite membranes [Zr_xTi_(1-x)(HPO₄)₂]_0.25 [Ce(HPO₄)₂]_0.75 .3.3H₂O were prepared. Reactions of the resulting composite membranes with 1,10-phenanthroline in ethanol, followed by the addition of 0.1M CuCl₂.2H₂O, in (1:1) ethanol: aqueous solution, lead to the formation of novel pillared materials: [(H_1.16) Zr_0.9Ti_0.1 (PO₄)₂]_0.25[(H_1.16 ) Ce (PO₄)₂]_0.75(PhenCu)_0.42.2.25H₂O, [(H_1.5)Zr_0.8Ti_0.2 (PO₄)₂]_0.25 [( H_1.5)Ce (PO₄)₂] _0.75 (Phen Cu)_0.25.1.77H₂O, [(H_0.3 ) Zr_0.67Ti (PO₄)₂] _0.25 [(H _0.3) Ce (PO₄)₂]_0.75.(Phen Cu)_0.85. 4H₂O, [(H_1.6)Zr_0.34Ti_0.66 (PO₄)₂]_0.25 [(H_1.6) Ce (PO₄)₂]_0.75.(PhenCu)_0.2. 2.22 H₂O, respectively. They were characterized by chemical, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis (TGA), accordingly were formulated. XRD patterns of the composite materials retain (d) spacing reflection of α-ZTP and nCeP_f, where d₀₀₁ = 7.58 Å and 11.38 Å, respectively, The resulting composites are thermally stable and can be considered as novel ecofriendly solid acid catalysts, Ionex changers and ionc conductance materials.

Abstract: Based on the analysis of the crystal and electronic structure of semiconductors ZnX (X=Te,Se,S) in cubic phase there have been built the cluster model for calculation of the geometric and thermodynamic parameters. The method of consideration of the boundary conditions for the proposed cluster models has been presented. Based on the results of ab initio quantum-chemical calculations of the crystal structure of molecular clusters the temperature dependence of formation energy ∆E, formation enthalpy ∆H, Gibbs free energy ∆G, entropy ∆S, specific heat capacity at constant volume C_V have been defined. Computer calculations of the thermodynamic parameters were carried out with the help of density functional theory (DFT), using hybrid valence base set B3LYP. Also, in the work have been derived analytical expressions of temperature dependences of the presented thermodynamic parameters, which have been approximated by a quantum-chemical calculation data using mathematical package Maple 14.

Abstract: Gamma-ray attenuation coefficients (the half value layer parameters, gamma – ray shielding properties) for the x ZnO - (5−x) Bi₂O₃ -10 B₂O₃ -40 SiO₂ (x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20) at 662, 1173 and 1332 keV photon energies have been determined experimentally, using a narrow beam transmission method, as well as theoretically using the ‘mixture rule’ and the ‘XCOM’ computer software. The molar volume and FTIR investigations have been used to study the structural properties of the glass system. Optical, UV-visible, absorption measurements were performed also to investigate the transmittance aimed to investigate the performance of the glass system for using as hot cells for shielding windows in nuclear technology.