Abstract: A combined and thorough medical and engineering study of road traffic accidents in Iraq is presented in this paper. The medical investigation covered about 1500 road traffic accident patients transported by ambulance to various hospitals in Baghdad. In most cases, the medical survey team covered the diagnosis of the injury as soon as it was confirmed and death at the moment of arrival of the patient to the emergency department of the hospital. Multi-organ injury was predominating and the required injuries were performed successfully for single organ injury but the chance of successful operation decreased as the number of injured organs increased. To arrive at the major cause of death and/ or heavy injured road traffic accident patients, analysis of speed of vehicles on rural highways in Iraq was made. The traffic engineering study revealed that high speed of vehicles, exceeding the design speed of the highway with abnormality of spot speed distribution, was the major reason of such severe accidents. Death rate from road traffic accident in Iraq is 44.7 which makes Iraq the fourth country in the rate of road traffic accidents. Road traffic accidents are leading cause of both internal and external injuries and major cause of death. This paper reveals that liver, spleen and neck were the most reported organ injuries in road traffic accidents in Iraq. Pre hospital care, time between the crash and the admission to a trauma center and the availability of trauma center can affect significantly the outcome of the crash. Similarly, the use of seat belt, front and sideway airbags can decrease the rate of organs injuries due to road traffic accidents. A comparison of results of this study with those in other studies in different countries is presented and both agreements and disagreements are discussed.

Abstract: Appendicitis is the most common clinical condition of the appendix and is the most common acute abdominal surgical emergency. In 60% of patients, appendicitis is due to obstruction of the lumen of the appendix by hyperplasia of the intramural lymphoid follicles. This form of obstruction is mostly observed in children. The incidence of appendicitis coincides very well with the number of lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are sites within lymphoid follicles in peripheral lymphoid tissues where mature B lymphocytes rapidly proliferate, differentiate and mutate their antibodies and class switches their antibodies during a normal immune response to an infection. Presence of germinal centers reflects state of activity of the immune system of the body. In Bangladesh there is no data regarding number of germinal centers of lymphoid follicles of the vermiform appendix. The present study is aimed to observe the number of germinal centers of the lymphoid follicles of the vermiform appendix in various age groups. With this aim the present study was carried out in the department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2008 to June 2009. After taking approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee sixty (60) postmortem vermiform appendices of different age groups collected by convenient sampling from unclaimed dead bodies of Bangladeshi cadavers which were under autopsy examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Dhaka Medical College (DMC) and Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka,. The average number of germinal centers of the lymphoid follicle per histological section of vermiform appendix reduced with advancing age and showed a significant negative correlation with age (p < 0.001). In the present study, the number of germinal centers of the lymphoid follicles of the vermiform appendix reduced significantly with advancing age.

Abstract: Introduction: Amenorrhea is the medical term for the absence of menstrual periods, either on a permanent or temporary basis Pregnancy is an obvious cause of amenorrhea and is the most common reason for secondary amenorrhea. Patient and Method: The patient was referred to Khartoum North Teaching Hospital, Khartoum state Sudan from remote area in North Sudan in May 2012. The patient was admitted, treated and discharged in a good condition. Results: 35 years patient married before her menarche had seven normal vaginal deliveries, at home running on her eight pregnancy referred as a case of deep vein thrombosis. She was treated and delivered vaginally term baby, six weeks latter IUCD was inserted as suitable method for her. The patient was lactating her baby for two years as usual then experience vaginal bleeding as abnormal and was proofed to be her normal menstrual. Discussion: Most girls begin menstruating between ages 9 and 18, with an average around 12 years old. The patient was get married at 12 years of age before her first menstruation and delivered her first child when she was 15 years old. She lactated her babies proper and had lactation amenorrhea. The lactation amenorrhea method has been shown to be 98% effective in typical use. IUCD was inserted after 2 years she regained her normal menstruation as a first time. Conclusion: Lactation amenorrhea is an effective method of contraceptive if it was fulfill certain criteria, known as "ecological breastfeeding” and of particular use in developing nations where contraceptives are not widely available or affordable.

Abstract: Objective: To explore a fast and sensitive method for screening T cell receptor (TCR) biases through comparison of silver staining for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining for agarose gel electrophoresis. Methods: The lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood which collected from ten patients with T1DM; the total RNA was extracted followed by transformed to cDNA, and then electrophoresis was carried out on polyacrylamide and agarose gel simultaneously, finally stained with silver and ethidium bromide dying respectively. Results: The pictures of TCR Vβ biases detected with silver staining for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were very similar to that with ethidium brominde staining for agarose gel electrophoresis, Vβ7, Vβ11 and Vβ17 were the mainly biased genes with higher frequencies, 10 and Vβ13.2 were the common genes which did not biased in all the ten patients. In some Vβ genes, the number of the bands detected with the former technique was more than that with the latter methods. So did the clarity of some bands. Conclusions: Silver staining for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is a fast, sensitive and safe method for screening the biases of TCR Vβ genes.

Abstract: Background: Cancers and other non-communicable diseases were thought to be unimportant public health problems in developing countries because of the overwhelmingly high prevalence of communicable diseases. However, with improved health care facilities and extensive national immunization programmes, coupled with generally improving socio-economic status, malignant diseases are beginning to account for a significant percentage of childhood morbidity and mortality. The study aims to determine the morphological pattern, burden and demographic characteristics of paediatric solid malignancies seen at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital between January 1979 and December 2006. Methodology: The demographic characteristics of all cases of malignant solid neoplasms seen in children between the ages of 0 and 15 years were retrieved from the archives and recorded. The histopathological, cytological and the post-mortem slides of the recorded cases were retrieved and reviewed. Special staining techniques were employed where necessary. Results: Three hundred and twenty four cases of childhood solid malignant neoplasms were diagnosed over the study period. The prevalence of childhood malignant solid tumours in Ilorin is 311 per million children. The commonest tumour in this study is lymphoma representing 55.56% of total paediatric malignant solid neoplasms seen. Burkitt’s lymphoma constituted the largest single entity (80% of all lymphomas). This was followed by nephroblastoma, retinoblastoma and bone tumours which accounted for 8.33%, 7.72% and 4.63% respectively. Intracranial tumours were relatively rare. Conclusion: The pattern of paediatric malignant solid neoplasms seen in Ilorin is similar to what obtains in other parts of Nigeria and African countries. Burkitt’s Lymphoma is the commonest childhood malignancy in this study. Nephroblastoma is the second commonest childhood malignant solid neoplasm in Ilorin as against what was observed in other centres such as Ibadan, Ife and Jos where retinoblastoma is the second commonest after lymphoma.