Abstract: Oxidative stress has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of liver cirrhosis. Chronic ethanol consumption induces an oxidative stress resulting in increased ferritin levels and thereby iron over load. The study was aimed at evaluating the relation between alcohol consumption and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Malondialdehyde (MDA) activities in liver cirrhosis patients. The study included two groups based on alcohol consumption; subjects taking low alcohol content (Less than 150 g/day.), those consuming high alcohol content (More than 150 g/day), diagnosed as suffering from liver cirrhosis and control group who do not take alcohol and are not suffering from liver cirrhosis. All cirrhotic patients on high alcohol intake in the study group had lower serum SOD (P < 0.0001), GPx (0.0001) and significantly higher MDA levels (P<0.001) than those with subjects taking low alcohol and control group. These results suggest that the decrease in erythrocyte SOD, GPx and increase in MDA levels are related to the alcohol consumption and that may be associated with pathogenesis and progression of liver disease.

Abstract: Background: Immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory and microbial infection control means are major benchmarks that characterize the spiral evolution of awareness of public health safety in modern society. This issue is substantiated with burgeoning number of cases of microbial contamination and/or infection in myriad healthcare settings, at the hospital, and even at home. This study investigates the antimicrobial/bactericidal effects of commercially available disinfectants, sterilizers, antiseptics, and chlorhexidine-containing detergents on the growth of saprophytic and pathogenic gram-positive bacteria in vitro. It is an unprecedented wide canopy envelopingstandardized comparative assessments of the antimicrobial efficiency of consumer-targeted household detergents, curbing and containing microbial infection, inflammation and contamination propensity. Methods: Given the medical significance and impact of public infection control, we have meticulously examined at least 22 different detergents categorized into four classes (each category comprises a variety of commercially available products commonly used by the public): i) Class A – Daily Mouthwash; ii) Class B –Toilet Bowl Cleaners/Bleaches/Sanitizers;iii) Class C –Surface and Floor Mopping Cleaners/Detergents; and iv) Class D –Hand and Body Wash Gels. Whilst the canonical menu of active ingredients varies among thoseaforementioned classes, antimicrobial components are well established. Results: Regarding Class A, the most effective against Bacillus subtilis is ‘ColgatePlax Mouthwash’; Enterococcus faecalis are ‘Sensodyne Pronamel Mouthwash’ and ‘Oral-B Pro-Expert Mouthwash’; Staphylococcus aureus is ‘Colgate Plax Mouthwash’; Streptococcus pyogenes is ‘Colgate Plax Mouthwash’; and Streptococcus agalactiae is ‘Sensodyne Pronamel Mouthwash’. Regarding Class B, the most effective against B. subtilis is ‘Carrefour Nettoyant Disinfectant’; E. faecalis are ‘WC Net Bleach Gel’ and ‘Carrefour Nettoyant Disinfectant’; S. aureus are ‘Carrefour Nettoyant Disinfectant’ and ‘Harpic Power Plus Disinfectant’; S. pyogenes is ‘WC Net Bleach Gel’; and S. agalactiae is ‘WC Net Bleach Gel’. Regarding Class C, the most effective against B. subtilis is ‘Vim Cream Multipurpose Fast Rinsing’; E. faecalis are ‘Dettol Antiseptic/Disinfectant’ and ‘Spartan Septol Antiseptic/Disinfectant’; S. aureus is ‘Ajax Fete des Fleurs’; S. pyogenes is ‘Dettol Antiseptic/Disinfectant’; and S. agalactiae is ‘Dettol Antiseptic/Disinfectant’. Regarding Class D, the most effective against B. subtilis,E. faecalis,S. aureus, S. pyogenes, and S. agalactiae is unprecedentedly the ‘HiGeen Hand and Body Wash Gel’. Conclusions: These results emphatically confirm and verify immunomodulatory infection control variations in the antimicrobial/anti-inflammatory effectiveness of household antiseptics and disinfectants amelioratingthe growth of saprophytic and pathogenic gram-positive bacteria in culture.

Abstract: Background: Local anesthetics act by different mechanisms to produce their effects in control acute and chronic pain. Methods: A total of 22 patients (14 female, 8 male) who need tooth apisectomy under infiltration local anesthesia were examined in two situations: Before and after administration of local anesthesia. For all patients salivary sample has been collected by salivette to estimate the level of opiorphin using ELISA Kits, the pain was assessed after administration of local anesthesia using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: the results showed a significant differences of salivary opiorphin before and after administration of local anesthesia (5.96+5.38) ng/ml and (14.49±3.66) ng/ml respectively with p<0.05, the results also showed that the pain assessment by VAS was (0.831±0.4587) with inverse correlation between the VAS and salivary opiorphin levels but with no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusions: local anesthetics (xylocaine 2%+adrenalin 1:80,000) used in apisectomy by infiltration technique produce a significant effects on salivary opiorphin (p<0.05) which may suggest a possible effects of local anesthetic on enkephalin pathway and the possibility of using this parameter for measurements of local anesthetic effects.

Abstract: The monitoring of CD4 counts are a basis for assessing the effectiveness of most HIV treatments. Understanding the way CD4 cells change over time among patients on ART could provide insight into the way Patients respond to treatment and how effective treatment is with time. This study examine the changes in CD4 countover time and the effect of some plausible factors on this change for Patients who were on Antiretroviral Therapy(ART) in The Builsa District Hospital in Ghana. Retrospective data from the HIV/AIDS Monitoring Program at the Builsa District hospital, in which patients had enrolled and their CD4 cell count were regularly being monitored every six months, forming repeated measures of CD4 counts, was used for our study: Profile analysis was used to study the pattern of change in the CD4 count. While treatment remained effective, the results showed that the trend of CD4 count over time was logarithmic indicating that the effectiveness of treatment, decreased with time. While the gender and marital status of the patientsdo not show any statistically significant differentials to this, the educational and religious status of the patients, as well as the drug used in the treatment do.

Abstract: Background: Though the incidence of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is relatively uncommon in Nigeria, compared to the developed countries, recent studies indicate an increasing trend. Our patients often present at an earlier age, which has important implications for the pathogenesis in Nigeria. MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 are the commonly mutated MMR genes in descending order of frequency, with PMS1 and MLH3 mutations being very rare. This study attempts to determine the significance of microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal carcinogenesis using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for detection of defects of DNA mismatch repair gene (MMR) amongst cases diagnosed at University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria. Methodology: Suitable consecutive CRC cases identified from UCH, Ibadan, Pathology Department, 2006 files were stained with MMR IHC antibody panel (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2). Stained sections were reviewed for nuclear reactivity and graded according to staining intensity (weak +, moderate ++, strong +++, very strong ++++). Result: IHC was performed on 26 cases. The age range is 22-74 years with 9 cases <40 years. One case with no reactivity with any of the antibody was considered unsuitable. Two cases with only PMS2 nuclear reactivity but no reaction with other antibodies were considered equivocal. Five cases had no nuclear reactivity with single antibody: MLH1 (2); MSH2 (3); and one case had no nuclear reactivity with MLH1 & MSH2. These six cases included 3 cases aged 22, 27 and 32 years with tumors showing no nuclear reactivity for MSH2 and (MLH1 & MSH2) respectively. Conclusion: Though the number cases tested are small, the identification of the loss of MMR gene protein (MLH1 and MSH2) by IHC, indicating MSI, in a significant number of the 26 cases tested (23%), particularly young individuals, suggests that defects of DNA mismatch repair genes are important factors in colorectal carcinogenesis in Nigerians.