Abstract: A total of 4860 animals were screened 2570(52.88%) were goats and 2290(47.12%) were sheep. The fungi associated with the infections were identified. Of the 2570 and 2290 of goats and sheep, 80(3.11%) and 144(6.29%) had fungal lesions respectively. Fifty soil samples from the environment were collected for fungal analysis and 31 nomads were checked for fungal lesions. Antifungal biogram and animal pathogenicity studies were also done. Prevalence of fungal infections was higher on the animals from farms than those at the markets. Infection was more prevalent in animals between 13-24 months of age. The glaborous skin was mostly affected (37.5%) in the goats, while in the sheep, the face was affected most (62.5%). Fungi recovered from the animals included Trichophyton verrucosum (19.64%), Trichophyton mentagropytes,(20.54%), Microsporum gypsum (5.80%), Sporothrix schenckii (20.98%), Candida albicans (7.59%), Fusarium solanii (5.36%), Geotricum candidum (3.13%) and Aspergillus species (16.96%). Almost the same types of fungi were isolated from the nomads and the soil. These parameters when compared statistically using ANOVA was not significant, P > 0.05. Pathogenecity studies of the isolates on laboratory mice revealed that T.mentagrophytes and T.verrucosum were highly virulent. The antifungal biogram test showed the fungal isolates to be more sensitive to Fluconazole than Ketoconazole, Miconazole and Grisofulvin. Fungal skin infections are communicable diseases and poor sanitary conditions promotes there spread but if proper sanitary measures are taken, the infections may be eradicated.

Abstract: Mycobacterium gordonae is a least pathogenic mycobacterium and a rare cause of infectionin human beings [1]. We report a case of 59 year old male with fever, cough, SOB and radiographic features of persistent left upper lobe consolidation/atelectasis with left hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Mycobacterium gordonae was isolated by DNA probe on bronchoalveolar lavage. He was observed without any active treatment for mycobacteria. He healed with minimal scarring of the lung. Mycobacterium gordonae can cause clinically significant pulmonary infection but the chances of it being just a contaminant should also be considered [1,2,6].

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the antimicrobial activity and mechanism of silver, platinum, palladium and copper nanoparticles on Proteus sp. and Klebsiella Sp. isolated from polluted water samples. This study investigated the growth of the two tested bacterial cells in order to observe the action of different concentrations of nanoparticles in addition to the effects on the morphological structure and nucleic acid of these bacteria, It showed AgNPs exhibited a potentially antibacterial effects at most investigated concentrations, While, no detection for the antibacterial activity of PtNPs, PdNPs or CuNPs against both bacterial isolates at all tested concentrations was investigated. The cell morphology of normal and AgNPs-treated bacteria cells was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), there were investigated a randomly distributed nuclear area and obvious bright electron areas in the center of bacterial cells, it was also noticed that, a rupture in the cell wall of both treated bacterial cells. The effects of silver nanoparticles on genome of bacterial cells revealed that there was a destructive effect on Proteus and Klebsiella genome.

Abstract: The exponentially rising cases of Leishmaniasis over the past decades, has attracted scientists and clinicians to mitigate the contagious infection by modern treatments and new generation vaccinations. Leishmania, the causative pathogen of this infection predominantly expresses its diseased condition in form of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Although systemic leishmaniasis, is a more deadly form, but cases of its manifestation are limited; thereby staging the focus onto more intricate study of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Designing a vaccine against Leishmania has witnessed more than two generations of vaccine, but each attempt has failed more than it’s cases of success. The proposed drawbacks root to the difficulty in ensuring an efficient transition of research from simple laboratory experiments carried out in-vitro/in-vivo in small animals to that of the humans. There have been extensive case studies of this disease and thus every immunological aspect has been our focus. This paper is an attempt to decipher the ideas and methodologies adopted till date and further target the genetic spans and molecular moieties, for crafting an alternative vaccine based on efforts to mock the pathogenic pathways.

Abstract: Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) is the second most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, with more than 90% of cases occurring in developing countries. In GUTB, the kidneys are the most common sites of infection and are infected through hematogenous spread of the bacilli, which then spread through the renal and genital tract. Diagnosis of TB is often delayed owing to the nonspecific nature of its presentation; therefore, a high degree of suspicion should be exercised and a systematic approach should be taken during investigation. The aim of this study was to apply bleach concentration method for detection of AFB in 5-day morning urine samples obtained from the suspects of urinary tuberculosis and to correlate the results with conventional Zeihl Neelsen (ZN) staining, TB culture and TB-PCR. A total of 46 samples were studied from clinically suspected cases of urinary tuberculosis. All the samples were processed for conventional ZN staining, Bleach concentration followed by ZN staining, TB culture on LJ media and TB-PCR (IS 6110) by standard protocols. Out of the 46 samples evaluated all were negative (0%) by conventional ZN staining, while the positivity increased to 7(15.22%) by bleach concentration method, the gold standard i.e. TB culture had 9(19.56%) positive and the TB-PCR gave 4(8.69%) positive. The results revealed that bleach concentration method was superior to conventional ZN staining method and TB-PCR. Though TB culture was found to be the best method, but it takes a long time for the diagnosis.