Antimicrobial Activity of 1,3 Dihydroxy-2-Methylimidazolium Bis (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) Imde and Selected Antibiotics Against Streptococcus Species Isolated from Groundwater in the Northwest Province, South Africa

Collins Njie Ateba^1, , Paul Katlego Morare¹ and Eno Ebenso²

¹Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North West University- Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa

²Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North West University – Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa

Cite this paper:
Collins Njie Ateba, Paul Katlego Morare and Eno Ebenso. Antimicrobial Activity of 1,3 Dihydroxy-2-Methylimidazolium Bis (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) Imde and Selected Antibiotics Against Streptococcus Species Isolated from Groundwater in the Northwest Province, South Africa. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2014; 2(9):627-632. doi: 10.12691/jfnr-2-9-16

Abstract

In developing countries, access to unsafe water and inadequate sanitation continue to be a danger to human health and untreated groundwater constitutes one of the main sources of drinking water supply. The consumption of untreated contaminated groundwater has frequently been identified as a potential source for the transfer and spread of both antibiotic resistant bacteria strains and waterborne infections among humans. Antibiotics are used for the treatment of bacterial infections and therefore the emergence of drug resistant bacterial strains has huge clinical implications. Faced with the rapid growth of bacterial resistance to a number of commonly used antibiotics, ionic liquids are attracting increasing attention as agents that could serve as antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and determine the antimicrobial activity of an ionic liquid and selected antibiotics against Streptococcus species isolated from groundwater samples. A total of 22 samples were collected from borehole taps in some villages in the Northwest Province and analysed for the presence of streptococci. Gram-staining, catalase test, oxidase test and Prolex Streptococcal Grouping Latex assays were used for bacteria identification. The growth inhibitory effect of the ionic liquid 1,3 dihydroxy-2-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide and selected antibiotics was determined. One hundred and seventy six presumptive isolates were obtained and screened for characters of streptococci and 165 isolates were obtained. All the isolates were Gram positive cocci; a large proportion (92.7%) was oxidase negative and only 51.5% were catalase negative. Based on serotyping, 86.7% of the isolates were positively identified as streptococci. All the isolates from Motlhabeng, Stella and Taung were resistant to penicillin G. Moreover, large proportions (75.0% to 95.8%) of these isolates were resistant to vancomycin. All the isolates except a large proportion of those from Stella (88%) and Taung (83%) were found to be more susceptible (22.5% to 50%) to chloramphenicol. Generally, the growth inhibition zone diameter for 1,3 dihydroxy-2-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide against the isolates ranged from 6 to 9 mm and 9 to 22mm for 1% and 10% solutions respectively. In conclusion multi-drug resistant streptococci were isolated from groundwater intended for human consumption. Isolates were however susceptible to the IL tested and the antimicrobial effect increased with increase in concentration of the IL.

Keywords:
Streptococci ionic liquids 13 dihydroxy-2-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ionic liquids (ILs) antibiotics multiple antibiotic resistance multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Wose Kinge, C.N., Mbewe, M. and Sithebe, P.N., “Detection of Bacterial Pathogens in River Water Using Multiplex-PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction”. Edited by Patricia Hernandez-Rodriguez and Arlen Patricia Ramirez Gomez, InTech, Croatia (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0612-8.
[2]	Wose Kinge, C. and Mbewe, M., “Characterisation of Shigella species isolated from river catchments in the North-West Province of South Africa”. SAJS 106 (11/12). 1-4. 2010.
[3]	World Health Organization Emerging Issues in water and Infectious Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
[4]	Martellini, A., Payment, P. and Villemur, R., “Use of eukaryotic mitochondrial DNA to differentiate human, bovine, porcine and ovine sources in focally contaminated surface water”. Water Res 39(4). 541-548. 2005,
[5]	World Health Organization Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level. WHO/SDE/WSH/04.04, Geneva; 2004.
[6]	Nola, M., Njine, T., Djuikom, E. and Foko, V.S., “Faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci community in the underground water in an equatorial area in Cameroon (Central Africa): the importance of some environmental chemical factors”. Water Res 36. 3289-3297. 2002,
[7]	Ateba, C.N. and Maribeng, M.D., “Detection of Enterococcus species in groundwater from some rural communities in the Mmabatho area, South Africa: A risk analysis”. Afr J Microbiol Res 5 (23). 3930-3935. 2011.
[8]	Phokela, P.T., Ateba, C.N. and Kawadza, T.D., “Assessing antibiotic resistance profiles in Escherichia coli and Salmonella species from groundwater in the Mafikeng area, South Africa”. Afr J Microbiol Res 5 (32). 5902-5909. 2011.
[9]	Sorum, H, and L’abee-Lund, T.M., “Antibiotic resistance in food-related bacteria-a result of interfering with the global web of bacterial genetics”. Int J Food Microbiol 78. 43-56. 2002.
[10]	Camesano, T.A. and Logan, B.E., “Influence of fluid velocity and cell concentration on the transport of motile and non-motile bacteria in porous media”. Environ Sci Technol 32. 1699-708. 1998.
[11]	Butler, J.C., Hoffmann, J., Cetron, M.S., Elliott, J.A., Fackiam, R.R. and Breiman, R.F., “The Continued Emergence of Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumonia in the United States. Int J Infect Dis 174. 986-93. 1996.
[12]	Hofmann, J., Cetron, M.S., Farley, M.M., Baughman, W.S., Facklam. R.R., Elliott, J.A., Deaver, K.A. and Breiman, R.F., “The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia in Atlanta”. N Engl J Med 3 (8): 481-486. 1995.
[13]	Levy, S.B., “Factors impacting on the problem of antibiotic resistance”. J. Antimicrob Chemother 49 (1). 25-30. 2002.
[14]	Weingartner, H., “Understanding Ionic Liquids at the Molecular Level: Facts, Problems and Controversies”. Angewandte Chemie Int Edn 47. 654-670. 2008.
[15]	Pernak, J., Sobaszkiewicza, K. and Mirska, I., “Anti-microbial activities of ionic liquids”. Green Chem 5. 52-56. 2003.
[16]	Hough-Troutman, W.L., Smiglak, M., Griffin, S., Reichert, W.M., Mirska, I., Jodynis-Liebert, J., Adamska, T., Nawrot, J., Stasiewicz, M., Rodgers, R.D. and Pernak, J., “Ionic liquids with dual biological function: sweet and anti-microbial, hydrophobic quaternary ammonium-based salts”. N J Chem 33. 26-33. 2009.
[17]	Busetti, A., Crawford, D.E., Earle, M.J., Gilea, M.A., Gilmore, B.F., Gorman, S.P., Laverty, G., Lowry, A.F., Mclaughlin, M. and Seddon, K.R., “Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of 1-alkylquinolinium bromide ionic liquids”. Green Chem 12:.420-425. 2010.
[18]	Ventura, S.P.M., De Barros, R.L.F., Sintra, T., Soares, C.M.F., Lima, Á.S. and Coutinho, J.A.P., “Simple screening method to identify toxic/non-toxic ionic liquids: Agar diffusion test adaptation”. 83. 55-62. 2012.
[19]	Hough, W.L. and Rogers, R.D., “Ionic liquids then and now: From solvents to materials to active pharmaceutical ingredients”. Bull Chem Soc Jap 80. 2262-2269. 2007.
[20]	Seddon, K.R.J., “Ionic Liquids for Clean Technology”. J Chem Technol Biotech 68. 351-356. 1997,
[21]	Gordon, C.M., “New developments in catalysis using ionic liquids”. Appl Cat A-Gen 222 (1-2). 101-117. 2001,
[22]	Visser, A.E., Swatloski, R.P., Griffin, S.T., Hartman, D.H. and Rodgers, R.D., “Liquid/liquid extraction of metal ions in room temperature ionic liquids”. Separation Sci Technol 36. 785. 2001.
[23]	Visser, A.E., Swatloski, R.P., Griffin, S.T., Hartman, D.H. and Rodgers, R.D., Room Temperature Ionic Liquids as Replacements for Traditional Organic Solvents and their applications towards “Green Chemistry” in Separation Processes. NATO Sci Series 92. 137-156. 2002.
[24]	Laus G, et al., “N,N-Di (alkoxy) imidazolium salts: new patent-free ionic liquids and NHC-precatalysts”. Naturforsch B62. 295-308. 2007.
[25]	APHA. Standard methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th edition American Public Health Association, Washington DC; 1998.
[26]	Cruikshank, R., Duguid, J.P., Marmoin, B.P. and Swain, R.H., Medical Microbiology Volume 2. 12th edition. New York: Longman Group Limited; 1975: 34
[27]	Kirby, W.M.M., Bauer, A.W., Sherris, J.C. and Turck, M., “Antibiotic susceptibility testing by single disc method”. Am J Clin Pathol 45: 4. 1996.
[28]	National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility test for bacteria that grow aerobically. 4th edition. M7-A4. Villanova, PA; 1999.
[29]	Hossain, I.M., El-Harbawi, M., Noaman, Y.A., Bustam, M.A.B., Alitheen, N.B.M., Affandi, N.A., Hefter, G. and Yin, C., “Synthesis and anti-microbial activity of hydroxylammonium ionic liquids”. Chemosphere 84. 101-105. 2011.
[30]	Banton, O. and Bangoy, L.M., Hydrogeology, underground waters environmental multiscience. Puq/Aupelf edition, Sainte-Foy, pp 460; 1997.
[31]	Kreissel, W., “Water quality and health”. Water Sci Technol 23. 201-209. 1991.
[32]	Meays, C., Broersma, K., Nordin, R. and Mazumder, A., “Source tracking faecal bacteria critical review of current methods”. J Environ Manag 73. 71-79. 2004.
[33]	Amoroso, P., de Ávila Célia, F.A., Gagliardi, M.O., “Prevalence of Streptococcus in saliva of children and adolescents”. Braz J Oral Sci. 2(4). 164-168. 2003.
[34]	Wyder, A.B., Boss, R., Naskova, J., Kaufmann, T., Steiner, A., Graber, H.U., Streptococcus spp. and related bacteria: their identification and their pathogenic potential for chronic mastitis-a molecular approach. Res Vet Sci 91. 349-357. 2011
[35]	Raemy1, A., Meylan, M., Casati, S., Gaia, V., Berchtold, B., Boss, R., Wyder, A., Graber, H.U., “Phenotypic and genotypic identification of streptococci and related bacteria isolated from bovine intramammary infections”. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 55. 53. 2013,
[36]	Westlinga, K., Julandera, I., Ljungmanb, P., Jalalc, S., Nordc, C.E., Wretlind, B., “Viridans group streptococci in blood culture isolates in a Swedish university hospital: antibiotic susceptibility and identification of erythromycin resistance genes”. Int J Antimicrob Agents 28 (4). 292-296. 2006.
[37]	Pitkälä, A., Koort, J., Björkroth, J., “Identification and Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus parauberis Isolated from Bovine Milk Samples”. J Dairy Sci 91 (10), 4075-4081. 2008.
[38]	Parka, Y., Nhoa, S., Shinb, G., Parka, S., Janga, H., Chaa, I., Haa, M., Kima, Y., Dalvia, R.S., Kangc, B., Junga, T., “Antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of Streptococcus iniae and Streptococcus parauberis isolated from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)”. Vet Microbiol 136 (1-2), 76-81. 2009.
[39]	Minst, K. Märtlbauer, E., Miller, T., Meyer, C., “Streptococcus species isolated from mastitis milk samples in Germany and their resistance to antimicrobial agents”. J Dairy Sci 95 (12). 6957-6962. 2012.
[40]	Harakeh, S., Yassinea, H. and Mutasem, E., “Antimicrobial-resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia isolated from the Lebanese environment”. Marine Environ Res 62 (3). 181-193. 2006.
[41]	Daka, D., Loha, E. and Giday, A., “Streptococcus pneumonia and antimicrobial resistance, Hawassa Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia”. J Med Lab Diag 2 (3). 27-30. 2011.
[42]	Austrian, R., “Confronting drug-resistant pneumococci”. Annals Int Med 121. 807-809. 1994.
[43]	Bischoff, K.M., White, D.G., McDermott, P.F., Zhao, S., Gaines, S., Maurer, J.J. and Nisbet, D.J., “Characterization of chloramphenicol resistance in beta-haemolytic Escherichia coli associated with diarrhoea in neonatal swine”. J Clin Microbiol 40 (2). 389-394. 2002.
[44]	Saadeh, M., Yasseen, Z., Sharif, F.A., Hazem, M. and Shawish, A., “New room temperature ionic liquids with interesting ecotoxicological and antimicrobial properties”. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 72. 1805-1809. 2009.
[45]	Messali, M., , Z., Alzahrani, A.Y., El-Naggar, M.Y., Eldouhaibi, A.S., Judeh, Z.M.A. and Hammouti, B., “Synthesis, characterization and the antimicrobial activity of new eco-friendly ionic liquids”. 91 (11). 1627-1634. 2013.
[46]	Cornellas, A., Perez, L., Cornellas, F., Ribosa, I., Manresa, A. and Garcia, M.T., “Self-aggregation and antimicrobial activity of imidazolium and pyridinium based New room temperature ionic liquids in aqueous solution. J. Colloid Interface Sci 355 (1). 164-171. 2011.
[47]	Ventura, S.P.M., Marques, C.S., Rosatella, A.A., Afonso, C.A.M., Gonçalves, F. and Coutinho, J.A.P., “Toxicity assessment of various ionic liquid families towards Vibrio fischeri marine bacteria”. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 76. 162-168. 2012.
[48]	Liang, C., Ho, W., Yeh, L., Cheng, Y. and Chou, T., “Effects of 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids on the physicochemical characteristics and cytotoxicity of phosphatidylcholine vesicles”. Colloids Surfaces A: Physicochem Engineering Aspects 436. 1083-1091. 2013.