Postprandial Blood Glucose and Satiety Responses to Low-Glycemic Index Crunchy Bites Consumed with Drinks in Healthy Adults

Hussain Zaki U.K.^1, , Jack A.¹, Khalid K.H.¹, Ahmad Rudin A.M.² and Imam Musaniff A.H.¹

¹Food Science and Technology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

²Centre of Optometry Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), UiTM Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia

Cite this paper:
Hussain Zaki U.K., Jack A., Khalid K.H., Ahmad Rudin A.M. and Imam Musaniff A.H.. Postprandial Blood Glucose and Satiety Responses to Low-Glycemic Index Crunchy Bites Consumed with Drinks in Healthy Adults. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2026; 14(3):112-118. doi: 10.12691/jfnr-14-3-4

Abstract

The glycemic index (GI) measures the postprandial glucose response (PPGR) to individual foods, while the glycemic load (GL) reflects the overall PPGR caused by the entire diet. Developing low-glycemic foods is crucial for preventing and managing type 2 diabetes, and can help alleviate feelings of hunger. The low-glycemic crunchy bites were formulated with whole grains, dried MD2 pineapple, honey, and fiber-rich seeds. These bites are typically served with beverages such as milk or coffee. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various accompanying drinks on blood glucose and satiety responses in healthy individuals. 15 participants were recruited for the study conducted in a controlled research setting. Each participant consumed the reference food (RF), white bread, and the test foods (TFs) on separate days. The test foods included 1) White bread (RF), Low-GI crunchy bites (TF1), Low-GI crunchy bites with 250 mL of fresh milk (TF2), and Low-GI crunchy bites with 250 mL of unsweetened coffee (TF3). The glucose iAUC values for the tested foods were significantly lower, ranging from 46.53 ± 3.43 to 54.23 ± 3.93, compared with the reference food (220.72 ± 17.11). The tested foods were low-glycemic. According to the VAS score, the satiety index was lower than that of the reference food. A negative correlation exists between postprandial blood glucose and satiety responses. Eating crunchy bites alone, with milk, or with unsweetened coffee can slow the rise in blood glucose and reduce hunger.

Keywords:
blood glucose glycemic index satiety whole grain cereals

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