Evaluation the Effectiveness of Family Intervention Targeted at People Diagnosed with Schizophrenia versus People Diagnosed with Schizophrenia and Family Caregivers: Findings from Integrated Systematic Review

Nofaa Alasmee¹ and Abd Alhadi Hasan^2,

¹Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

²Nursing Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Cite this paper:
Nofaa Alasmee and Abd Alhadi Hasan. Evaluation the Effectiveness of Family Intervention Targeted at People Diagnosed with Schizophrenia versus People Diagnosed with Schizophrenia and Family Caregivers: Findings from Integrated Systematic Review. American Journal of Applied Psychology. 2020; 8(1):16-37. doi: 10.12691/ajap-8-1-3

Abstract

Aims: This literature review examines the effectiveness of the family interventions (FIs) targeted at people diagnosed with schizophrenia and/or family caregivers on improving knowledge level of schizophrenia and health related outcomes. Methods: A total of 18 studies were reviewed from December 1999 to May 2015. The methods described by Centre for Reviews and Dissemination were used to guide this review. Results: The FIs showed consistently improvement in the knowledge level of schizophrenia among participants for various follow-up intervals. In addition, FIs were found to be superior to treatment as usual in influencing health related outcomes. Conclusions: Implications of the findings for mental health care practice to include primary caregivers with patient in treatment process.

Keywords:
Psychoeducation Family intervention schizophrenia patients family caregivers

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Hasan, A. (2019). Interventions to reduce stigma towards people with schizophrenia spectrum related disorder: Randomised controlled trial. Asian journal of psychiatry, 47, 101877-101877.
[2]	Fiorillo, A., Bassi, M., de Girolamo, G., Catapano, F., & Romeo, F. (2011). The impact of a psychoeducational intervention on family members’ views about schizophrenia: results from the OASIS Italian multi-centre study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(6), 596-603.
[3]	Engel, G. L. (1989). The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 4(1), 37-53.
[4]	Herz, M. I., Lamberti, J. S., Mintz, J., Scott, R., O'Dell, S. P., McCartan, L., & Nix, G. (2000). A program for relapse prevention in schizophrenia - A controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(3), 277-283.
[5]	Mangalore, R., & Knapp, M. (2007). Cost of schizophrenia in England. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 10(1), 23.
[6]	Griffey, R. T., Shin, N., Jones, S., Aginam, N., Gross, M., Kinsella, Y., . . . Kaphingst, K. A. (2015). The impact of teach-back on comprehension of discharge instructions and satisfaction among emergency patients with limited health literacy: a randomized, controlled study. Journal of communication in healthcare, 8(1), 10-21.
[7]	Ingram, R. E., & Luxton, D. D. (2005). Vulnerability-stress models. Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective, 32-46.
[8]	Myin-Germeys, I., & van Os, J. (2007). Stress-reactivity in psychosis: evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis. Clinical psychology review, 27(4), 409-424.
[9]	Häfner, H. (2003). Gender differences in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28, 17-54.
[10]	Koolaee, A. K., & Etemadi, A. (2010). THhe outcome of family interventions for the mothers of schizophrenia patients in Iran. International journal of social psychiatry, 56(6), 634-646.
[11]	NICE. (2014). Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: treatment and management. Retrieved from http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178.
[12]	Lehman, A. F., & Steinwachs, D. M. (1998). Translating research into practice: the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) treatment recommendations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(1), 1-10.
[13]	Merinder, L. B., Viuff, A. G., Laugesen, H. D., Clemmensen, K., Misfelt, S., & Espensen, B. (1999). Patient and relative education in community psychiatry: a randomized controlled trial regarding its effectiveness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34(6), 287-294.
[14]	Bradley, G. M., Couchman, G. M., Perlesz, A., Nguyen, A. T., Singh, B., & Riess, C. (2006b). Multiple-family group treatment for English- and Vietnamese-speaking families living with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 57(4), 521-530.
[15]	CRD. (2009). systematic review: CRD`s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD).
[16]	Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC medicine, 8(1), 18.
[17]	Deeks, J. J., Dinnes, J., D’amico, R., Sowden, A., Sakarovitch, C., Song, F., . . . Altman, D. (2003). Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies. Health technology assessment, 7(27), 1-179.
[18]	Dyck, D. G., Short, R. A., Hendryx, M. S., Norell, D., Myers, M., Patterson, T., . . . McFarlane, W. R. (2000). Management of negative symptoms among patients with schizophrenia attending multiple-family groups. Psychiatric Services, 51(4), 513-519.
[19]	Herz, Lamberti, J. S., Mintz, J., Scott, R., O'Dell, S. P., McCartan, L., & Nix, G. (2000a). A program for relapse prevention in schizophrenia - A controlled study. Archives of general psychiatry, 57(3), 277-283.
[20]	Shin, S. K., & Lukens, E. P. (2002). Effects of psychoeducation for Korean Americans with chronic mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 53(9), 1125-1131.
[21]	Aho-Mustonen, K., Miettinen, R., Koivisto, H., Timonen, T., & Raty, H. (2008). Group psychoeducation for forensic and dangerous non-forensic long-term patients with schizophrenia. A pilot study. European Journal of Psychiatry, 22(2), 84-92.
[22]	Linden, M., Pyrkosch, L., & Hundemer, H. P. (2008). Frequency and effects of psychosocial interventions additional to olanzapine treatment in routine care of schizophrenic patients. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 43(5), 373-379.
[23]	Sibitz, I., Amering, M., Gossler, R., Unger, A., & Katschnig, H. (2007). One-year outcome of low-intensity booster sessions versus care as usual in psychosis patients after a short-term psychoeducational intervention. European psychiatry, 22(4), 203-210.
[24]	Chien, & Leung, S. F. (2013). A controlled trial of a needs-based, nurse-led psychoeducation programme for Chinese patients with first-onset mental disorders: 6 month follow up. International journal of nursing practice, 19(S1), 3-13.
[25]	Aho-Mustonen, K., Tiihonen, J., Repo-Tiihonen, E., Ryynanen, O. P., Miettinen, R., & Raty, H. (2011). Group psychoeducation for long-term offender patients with schizophrenia: An exploratory randomised controlled trial. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21(3), 163-176.
[26]	Herz, Lamberti, J. S., Mintz, J., Scott, R., O'Dell, S. P., McCartan, L., & Nix, G. (2000b). A program for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a controlled study. Archives of general psychiatry, 57(3), 277.
[27]	Clark, A. M. (1998). The qualitative-quantitative debate: moving from positivism and confrontation to post-positivism and reconciliation. Journal of advanced nursing, 27(6), 1242-1249.
[28]	Barbour, R. S. (1999). The case for combining qualitative and quantitative approaches in health services research. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 4(1), 39-43.
[29]	Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook: SAGE publications, Inc.
[30]	Cheng, L. Y., & Chan, S. (2005). Psychoeducation program for Chinese family carers of members with schizophrenia. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 27(5), 583-599.
[31]	Gutierrez-Maldonado, J., Caqueo-Urizar, A., & Ferrer-Garcia, M. (2009). Effects of a psychoeducational intervention program on the attitudes and health perceptions of relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 44(5), 343-348.
[32]	Ozkan, B., Erdem, E., Ozsoy, S. D., & Zararsiz, G. (2013). Effect of psychoeducation and telepsychiatric follow up given to the caregiver of the schizophrenic patient on family burden, depression and expression of emotion. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 29(5), 1122.
[33]	Paranthaman, V., Satnam, K., Lim, J.-L., Amar-Singh, H. S. S., Sararaks, S., Nafiza, M.-N., . . . Asmah, Z.-A. (2010). Effective implementation of a structured psychoeducation programme among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in the community. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 3(4), 206-212.
[34]	Cassidy, E., Hill, S., & O’callaghan, E. (2001). Efficacy of a psychoeducational intervention in improving relatives’ knowledge about schizophrenia and reducing rehospitalisation. European Psychiatry, 16(8), 446-450.
[35]	Nuntika, & Lueboonthavatchai, P. (2007). Effects of psycho-educational program on knowledge and attitude upon schizophrenia of schizophrenic patients’ caregivers. J Med Assoc Thai, 90(6), 1199-1204.
[36]	Sota, S., Shimodera, S., Kii, M., Okamura, K., Suto, K., Suwaki, M., . . . Inoue, S. (2008). Effect of a family psychoeducational program on relatives of schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62(4), 379-385.
[37]	Tanrıverdi, D., & Ekinci, M. (2012). The effect psychoeducation intervention has on the caregiving burden of caregivers for schizophrenic patients in Turkey. International journal of nursing practice, 18(3), 281-288.
[38]	Yamaguchi, H., Takahashi, A., Takano, A., & Kojima, T. (2006). Direct effects of short-term psychoeducational intervention for relatives of patients with schizophrenia in Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 60(5), 590-597.
[39]	Barrowclough, C., Tarrier, N., Lewis, S., Sellwood, W., Mainwaring, J., Quinn, J., & Hamlin, C. (1999). Randomised controlled effectiveness trial of a needs-based psychosocial intervention service for carers of people with schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 174(6), 505-511.
[40]	Bradley, G. M., Couchman, G. M., Perlesz, A., Nguyen, A. T., Singh, B., & Riess, C. (2006a). Multiple-family group treatment for English- and Vietnamese-speaking families living with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 57(4), 521-530.
[41]	Chien, W. T., Chan, S. W. C., & Thompson, D. R. (2006). Effects of a mutual support group for families of Chinese people with schizophrenia: 18-month follow-up. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 189(1), 41-49.
[42]	Giron, M., Fernandez-Yanez, A., Mana-Alvarenga, S., Molina-Habas, A., Nolasco, A., & Gomez-Beneyto, M. (2010). Efficacy and effectiveness of individual family intervention on social and clinical functioning and family burden in severe schizophrenia: a 2-year randomized controlled study. Psychological medicine, 40(1), 73-84.
[43]	Glozman, J. M. (2004). Quality of life of caregivers. Neuropsychology review, 14(4), 183-196.
[44]	Li, J., Lambert, C. E., & Lambert, V. A. (2007). Predictors of family caregivers' burden and quality of life when providing care for a family member with schizophrenia in the People's Republic of China. Nursing & Health Sciences, 9(3), 192-198.
[45]	Devaramane, V., Pai, N. B., & Vella, S. L. (2011). The effect of a brief family intervention on primary carer's functioning and their schizophrenic relatives levels of psychopathology in India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 4(3), 183-187.
[46]	Chan, S. W. C., Yip, B., Tso, S., Cheng, B. S., & Tam, W. (2009). Evaluation of a psychoeducation program for Chinese clients with schizophrenia and their family caregivers. Patient Education and Counseling, 75(1), 67-76.
[47]	Chien, W. T., & Lee, I. (2010). The schizophrenia care management program for family caregivers of Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 61(3), 317-320.
[48]	Kulhara, P., Chakrabarti, S., Avasthi, A., Sharma, A., & Sharma, S. (2009). Psychoeducational intervention for caregivers of Indian patients with schizophrenia: a randomised-controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119(6), 472-483.
[49]	Li, Z., & Arthur, D. (2005). Family education for people with schizophrenia in Beijing, China - Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 339-345.
[50]	Magliano, L., Fiorillo, A., Malangone, C., De Rosa, C., Maj, M., & Family Intervention Working, G. (2006). Patient functioning and family burden in a controlled, real-world trial of family psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 57(12), 1784-1791.
[51]	Nasr, T., & Kausar, R. (2009). Psychoeducation and the family burden in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of general psychiatry, 8(17), 1-6.
[52]	Ran, Xiang, M. Z., Chan, C. L. W., Leff, J., Simpson, P., Huang, M. S., . . . Li, S. G. (2003). Effectiveness of psychoeducational intervention for rural Chinese families experiencing schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38(2), 69-75.
[53]	Rotondi, A., Anderson, C., Haas, G., Eack, S., Spring, M., Ganguli, R., . . . Rosenstock, J. (2010). Web-based psychoeducational intervention for persons with schizophrenia and their supporters: one-year outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 61(11), 1099-1105.
[54]	Rotondi, A. J., Haas, G. L., Anderson, C. M., Newhill, C. E., Spring, M. B., Ganguli, R., . . . Rosenstock, J. B. (2005). A clinical trial to test the feasibility of a telehealth psychoeducational intervention for persons with schizophrenia and their families: Intervention and 3-month findings. Rehabilitation Psychology, 50(4), 325-336.
[55]	Macleod, S. H., Elliott, L., & Brown, R. (2011). What support can community mental health nurses deliver to carers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia? Findings from a review of the literature. International journal of nursing studies, 48(1), 100-120.
[56]	Aakhus, E., Engedal, K., Aspelund, T., & Selbæk, G. (2009). Single session educational programme for caregivers of psychogeriatric in‐patients–results from a randomised controlled pilot study. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 24(3), 269-274.
[57]	Cuijpers, P. (1999). The effects of family interventions on relatives' burden: A meta-analysis. Journal of mental health, 8(3), 275-285.
[58]	Ran, M. S., Xiang, M. Z., Chan, C. L. W., Leff, J., Simpson, P., Huang, M. S., . . . Li, S. G. (2003). Effectiveness of psychoeducational intervention for rural Chinese families experiencing schizophrenia - A randomised controlled trial. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 38(2), 69-75.
[59]	Alvidrez, J., Snowden, L. R., Rao, S. M., & Boccellari, A. (2009). Psychoeducation to Address Stigma in Black Adults Referred for Mental Health Treatment: A Randomized Pilot Study. Community Mental Health Journal, 45(2), 127-136.
[60]	Burns, T. (1997). Psychosocial interventions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 10(1), 36-39.
[61]	Smith, T. E., Hull, J. W., Anthony, D. T., Goodman, M., Hedayat-Harris, A., Felger, T., . . . Romanelli, S. (1997). Post-hospitalization treatment adherence of schizophrenic patients: gender differences in skill acquisition. Psychiatry Research, 69(2-3), 123-129.
[62]	Glynn, S. M., Randolph, E. T., Garrick, T., & Lui, A. (2010). A proof of concept trial of an online psychoeducational program for relatives of both veterans and civilians living with schizophrenia. Psychiatric rehabilitation journal, 33(4), 278.
[63]	Leavey, G., Gulamhussein, S., Papadopoulos, C., Johnson-Sabine, E., Blizard, B., & King, M. (2004). A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention for families of patients with a first episode of psychosis. Psychological medicine, 34(03), 423-431.
[64]	Nasr, T., & Kausar, R. (2009). Psychoeducation and the family burden in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of General Psychiatry, 8(1), 17.