Journal of Business and Management Sciences
ISSN (Print): 2333-4495 ISSN (Online): 2333-4533 Website: https://www.sciepub.com/journal/jbms Editor-in-chief: Heap-Yih Chong
Open Access
Journal Browser
Go
Journal of Business and Management Sciences. 2025, 13(4), 81-90
DOI: 10.12691/jbms-13-4-1
Open AccessArticle

How Social Currency Influences Sense of Virtual Community and Behavioral Intention: Evidence from the Pokémon Go Phenomenon

Yu-Bing Wang1,

1Department of Marketing, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan

Pub. Date: July 28, 2025

Cite this paper:
Yu-Bing Wang. How Social Currency Influences Sense of Virtual Community and Behavioral Intention: Evidence from the Pokémon Go Phenomenon. Journal of Business and Management Sciences. 2025; 13(4):81-90. doi: 10.12691/jbms-13-4-1

Abstract

This research paper explores the phenomenon of an innovative consumer gaming experience and the accumulation of social currency through the case of Pokémon Go’s brand image and its impact on consumer behavioral outcomes. The study addresses critical research gaps and contributes to the field of digital marketing strategy by examining how brand image interacts with the sense of virtual community and customer experience in both online and offline environments. An online questionnaire was administered to 360 participants in Taiwan, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to test the proposed relationships. The study also incorporated positive and negative word-of-mouth as moderating variables to evaluate the strength of the relationship between social currency and behavioral intention. The findings suggest that Pokémon Go’s compelling brand image and immersive experience foster a strong sense of virtual community and enhance social currency, which in turn positively affects consumers’ behavioral intentions. Furthermore, positive word-of-mouth significantly strengthens this relationship, while negative word-of-mouth shows no moderating effect. This study provides new insights into the role of social currency as a catalyst for gamified brand engagement and offers a framework that can be replicated across other mobile games and gamified platforms to promote user loyalty and community participation.

Keywords:
Social Currency Sense of Virtual Community (SOVC) Behavior Intention Experience Marketing Pokémon GO

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]  Farah, M. F., Hasni, M. J. S., & Abbas, A. K. (2022). Ethical issues in digital marketing: A systematic literature review. *Journal of Business Research*, 139, 1228–1245.
 
[2]  Porter, S.S. and Claycomb, C. (1997) ‘The influence of brand recognition on retail store image’, Journal of Product & Brand Management, 6(6), pp. 373–387.
 
[3]  Bourdieu P. (1997) The forms of capital. In: Halsey A.H., Lauder H., Brown P., Wells A.M., editors. Education, Culture, and Society. Oxford University Press; Oxford, UK: pp. 46–58.
 
[4]  Schmitt, B. (1999) ‘Experiential marketing’, Journal of Marketing Management, 15(1-3), pp. 53–67.
 
[5]  Yang, S., Hu, M., Winer, R.S., Assael, H. and Chen, X. (2012a) ‘An empirical study of word-of-mouth generation and consumption’, Marketing Science, 31(6), pp. 952–963.
 
[6]  Godes D, Mayzlin D (2004) Using online conversation to study word-of-mouth communication. Marketing Science. 23(4): 545–560.
 
[7]  Liu Y. (2006). Word of mouth for movies: Its dynamics and impact on box office revenue. Journal of Marketing. 70(3):74–89.
 
[8]  Bowman D, Narayandas D (2001). Managing customer-initiated contacts with manufacturers: The impact on share of category requirements and word-of-mouth behavior. Journal of Marketing. Res. 38(3):281–297.
 
[9]  Aaker, D. (1991) Managing Brand Equity. Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name. Free Press: New York.
 
[10]  Kotler, P., (1973). Atmospherics as a marketing tool. Journal of Retailing, 49(4), 48–64.
 
[11]  Vivaldi Partners. (2010). Social currency study. http:// www.vivaldipartners.com/ pdfs/ Vivaldi_Partners_ Social_Currency_US_Report_2010WEB.pdf.
 
[12]  Zinnbauer, M. and Honer, T. (2011) ‘How brands can create social currency – A framework for managing brands in a network era’, Marketing Review St. Gallen, 28(5), pp. 50–55.
 
[13]  Vivaldi Partners. (2012). Social currency study 2012: How brands and businesses can prosper in a digitally connected world. http://vivaldigroup.com/en/wp-content/ uploads/sites/ 2/2016/ 08/ socialcurrency2012.pdf.
 
[14]  Joachimsthaler, E. (2017). The Power of Social Currency. Adweek.com. Retrieved 23 June 2025, from http://www.adweek.com/digital/erich-joachimsthaler-vivaldi-guest-post-social-currency/.
 
[15]  Berger, J. (2016). Invisible influence: The hidden forces that shape behavior. Simon & Schuster.
 
[16]  Lafferty, J. (2017). Can Influencer Marketing Really Motivate Purchases? (Study). [online] Adweek.com. Available at: http://www.adweek.com/digital/can-influencer-marketing-really-drive-conversions-study/ [Accessed 18 June 2025].
 
[17]  Azoulay, A. and Kapferer, J.N. (2003) ‘Do brand personality scales really measure brand personality? Journal of Brand Management, 11(2), pp. 143–155.
 
[18]  Keller, K.L. (1993) ‘Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity’, Journal of Marketing, 57(1), pp. 1–22.
 
[19]  Blanchard, A.L. (2008) ‘Testing a model of sense of virtual community’, Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), pp. 2107–2123.
 
[20]  Singhal, P. (2024). From content marketing to experience marketing: A study on experiential marketing strategies and customer engagement. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 27(4S), 13478–13487.
 
[21]  Ho, C.-W. and Wang, Y.-B. (2015) ‘Re-purchase intentions and virtual customer relationships on social media brand community’, Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, 5(1).
 
[22]  Derlath, J. (2017). Measuring the Sense of Community in Online Communities. The-virtual-community-blog.blogspot.tw. Retrieved 19 May 2025 from http://the-virtual-community-blog.blogspot.tw/2014/10/measuring-sense-of-community-in-online.html.
 
[23]  Sheng, M., & Hartono, R. (2013). An exploratory study of knowledge creation and sharing in online community: a social capital perspective. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26(1-2), 93-107.
 
[24]  Iloka, C., Ndu, J., & Mbah, E. (2024). The concept of experiential marketing: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 16(2), 45–61.
 
[25]  Alloza, A. (2008) Brand Engagement and Brand Experience At BBVA: The Transformation of a 150Years Old Company. Corporate Reputation Review, 11(4): 371-381.
 
[26]  Wang, T., Yeh, R. K.-J., Yen, D. C., & Nugroho, C. A. (2016). Electronic and in-person service quality of hybrid services. The Service Industries Journal, 36(13-14), 638–657.
 
[27]  Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Academic of Marketing Science, 16 (1), 76-94.
 
[28]  Koh, J. and Kim, Y.G. (2003) ‘Sense of virtual community: A conceptual framework and empirical validation’, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 8, pp. 75–93.
 
[29]  Azize et al.(2011). The effects of brand experiences, trust and satisfaction on building brand loyalty: Empirical research on global brands. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 1288–1301.
 
[30]  Davis, F.D. (1989) ‘Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology’, MIS Quarterly, 13(3), p. 319.
 
[31]  Goyette, I., Ricard, L., Bergeron, J. and Marticotte, F. (2010) ‘E-WOM scale: Word-of-mouth measurement scale for e-services context’, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l’Administration, 27(1), pp. 5–23.
 
[32]  Kim, W. G., Han, J. S., & Lee, E. (2001). Effects of relationship marketing on repeat purchase and word of mouth. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 25(3), 272-288.
 
[33]  Harrison-Walker, L.J. (2001). The measurement of Word-of-Mouth communication and an investigation of service quality and customer commitment as potential antecedents. Journal of Service Research, 4(1), 60–75.
 
[34]  Cheung, C. M. K. & Thadani, D. R. (2012). The Impact of Electronic Word-of-Mouth Communication: A Literature Analysis and Integrative Model. Decision Support Systems, 54, 461–470.
 
[35]  Fornell, C. G., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
 
[36]  Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
 
[37]  Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
 
[38]  Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1991). Predicting the Performance of Measures in a Confirmatory Factor Analysis with a Pretest Assessment of Their Substantive Validities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(5), 732-740.
 
[39]  Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage.
 
[40]  Sweeney, Soutar, Mazzarol, (2014) "Factors enhancing word-of-mouth influence: positive and negative service-related messages", European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 48 Issue: 1/2, pp.336-359.
 
[41]  Su, Lin & Chang, (2013) Exploring the impact factor of positive word-of-mouth influences satisfied customers, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26:3-4, 430-444.
 
[42]  Anderson, E. W. (1998). Customer satisfaction and word of mouth. Journal of service research, 1(1), 5-17.
 
[43]  Buttle, F. A. (1998). Word of mouth: understanding and managing referral marketing. Journal of strategic marketing, 6(3), 241-254.Cheung, M.Y., Luo, C., Sia, C.L. and Chen, H. (2009) ‘Credibility of electronic word-of-mouth: Informational and normative determinants of on-line consumer recommendations’, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 13(4), pp. 9–38.
 
[44]  Martin, J. D., & Todorov, A. (2010). Dynamic evaluation of situational faces. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5(1), 45–54.
 
[45]  Morris, H., (2017). Positive Word-of-Mouth is More Effective than Negative Because it Sticks - WOMMA. Retrieved 22 June 2025, from https://womma.org/positive-word-of-mouth-is-more-effective-than-negative-because-it-sticks/.
 
[46]  Zhang, Y. (2015) ‘The impact of brand image on consumer behavior: A literature review’, Open Journal of Business and Management, 03(01), pp. 58–62.
 
[47]  Liu, Y., Jiang, C., Ding, Y., Wang, Z., Lv, X., & Wang, J. (2017). Identifying helpful quality-related reviews from social media based on attractive quality theory. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 1-20.
 
[48]  Yao, C., Tsai, C., & Fang, Y. (2014). Understanding social capital, team learning, members' e-loyalty and knowledge sharing in virtual communities. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26(5-6), 619-631.
 
[49]  Shankar, V., Inman, J. J., Mantrala, M., Kelley, E., & Rizley, R. (2011). Innovations in shopper marketing: Current insights and future research issues. Journal of Retailing, 87(S1), S29–S42.
 
[50]  Cofield, M. (2017), Building Social Capital in Multicultural Communities: The Dyadic Process and Related Social Outcomes of Executive Leaders. Ph.D. Thesis, St. John Fisher College, Ulster County, NY, USA.
 
[51]  Wang, Y-B. and Ho, C-W., (2017) "No Money? No Problem! The Value of Sustainability: Social Capital Drives the Relationship among Customer Identification and Citizenship Behavior in Sharing Economy". Sustainability, 9(8), 2017-08.
 
[52]  Farzinnejad, A., Mohammadi, R., & Kim, H. (2024). Multisensory experience design and consumer response in advergames. Interactive Marketing Research, 12(3), 103–118.