Exploring Future Scenarios for Strengthening Science, Technology, and Innovation Collaboration between Egypt and BRICS Countries

Mohamed Ramadan A. Rezk¹, Leonardo Piccinetti², Nahed Salem¹, Tarek Y. S. Kapiel³, Mohammed Mahgoub Hassan^4, , Trevor Uyi Omoruyi⁵ and Alaa A. El-Bary⁶

¹Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), 11516, Cairo, Egypt

²Sustainabile Innovation Technology Services Ltd, Ducart Suite, Castletroy, Ireland

³Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

⁴National Center for Research, Khartoum- Sudan

⁵Chester Business School, Queens Park Campus, Chester, United Kingdom

⁶Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt

Cite this paper:
Mohamed Ramadan A. Rezk, Leonardo Piccinetti, Nahed Salem, Tarek Y. S. Kapiel, Mohammed Mahgoub Hassan, Trevor Uyi Omoruyi and Alaa A. El-Bary. Exploring Future Scenarios for Strengthening Science, Technology, and Innovation Collaboration between Egypt and BRICS Countries. Journal of Business and Management Sciences. 2025; 13(3):59-69. doi: 10.12691/jbms-13-3-3

Abstract

In this study, the potential enhancement of science, technology, and innovation (STI) collaboration between Egypt and the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and new members (Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE) is analyzed by scenario analysis until 2040. It highlights the significance of Egypt's recent BRICS membership in 2024 and its alignment with the country’s Vision 2030. The study identifies key drivers for STI collaboration, including government policies, economic and investment factors, technological capacity, and the private sector’s role. The paper employs a methodology combining literature reviews, expert inputs, and scenario writing to develop three future scenarios: strategic partnership (“Green Zone”), full integration (“BRICS Harmony”), and limited engagement (“Narrow Path”). These scenarios reflect varying degrees of cooperation, driven by economic, political, and technological factors. These scenarios envision varying degrees of cooperation based on economic, political, and technological factors, with a focus on creating a sustainable, innovation-driven economy in Egypt. The paper emphasizes the importance of building robust international partnerships, investing in technology, and developing research infrastructure to enable Egypt to maximize the benefits of its BRICS membership and strengthen its role in the global digital economy. Policy recommendations are offered to ensure long-term success, including enhancing public-private partnerships, fostering innovation, and aligning national policies with BRICS standards.

Keywords:
Scenario Analysis BRICS Egypt STI Collaboration

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Sokhan, I., Bevz, M., Zapadenko, V., Breus, S., & Pereguda, Y. (2024). Technological innovation as a factor in strengthening economic sustainability in the context of globalization. Data & Metadata, 3.
[2]	Samuel, H. S., Etim, E. E., & Nweke-Maraizu, U. (2024). International Research collaboration. In Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series (pp. 307-320).
[3]	Vráblová, M., Bonetti, G., Henehan, G., Brown, R. E., Sykora, P., Marks, R. S., Miertus, S., Lorusso, L., Tartaglia, G., Ergoren, M. C., Dundar, M. S., Dundar, M., Michelini, S., Miertus, J., Connelly, S., Martin, D., Bacu, A., Herbst, K., & Bertelli, M. (2024). Promoting International Scientific Cooperation: the Role of Scientific Societies. The EuroBiotech Journal, 8(3), 115-121.
[4]	Lacasa, I. D., & Vogelsang, M. M. (2024). Enhancing international collaboration in science, technology, and innovation to achieve sustainable development goals. Science and Public Policy, 51(3), 509-525.
[5]	Lu, J. N. (2017). Tapping into rubber: China’s opium replacement program and rubber production in Laos. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(4), 726-747.
[6]	Bamidele, S. (2025). BRICS Revolution: The global agrarian shift sparked by emerging economies. India Quarterly a Journal of International Affairs.
[7]	BRICS. (2024, October). XVI BRICS Summit Kazan Declaration: Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development and Security. 16th BRICS Summit, Kazan, Russia. Retrieved February 12, 2025, from https://brics-russia2024.ru.
[8]	Egypt Vision 2030. (2016). Egypt Vision 2030: Sustainable Development Strategy. Ministry of Planning and Economic Development. Retrieved January 13, 2025, from https:// mped.gov.eg/DynamicPage?id=115&lang=en&Egypt-Vision-2030.
[9]	Haryono, H. (2024). The Evolution of the BRICS Trade Alliance: Analysing strategic partnerships and economic interdependence in the Global South. The Es Economics and Entrepreneurship, 3(02).
[10]	Korneeva, E., Skornichenko, N., Shamakova, N., & Freze, T. (2024). Sustainable energy development through BRICS cooperation in technology and innovations. E3S Web of Conferences, 592, 03012.
[11]	Umutlu, H., & Terzioglu, H. C. (2024). Reshaping global energy policy through BRICS+ and seeking a new equilibrium in energy markets. In Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series (pp. 345-384).
[12]	Yiblet, F. D. (2024). Unlocking new opportunities: BRICS Partnership and its implications for economic development in African countries. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation, 11(1), 37.
[13]	CAPMAS. (2024). Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. Retrieved December 20, 2024, from https://www.capmas.gov.eg
[14]	Cochrane, L., & Zaidan, E. (2024). Shifting global dynamics: an empirical analysis of BRICS + expansion and its economic, trade, and military implications in the context of the G7. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1).
[15]	World Bank Data. (2024, December). Retrieved January 9, 2025, from https://data.worldbank.org.
[16]	Karpov, A. L. (2024). BRICS and G7: global competition. Journal of Economic Regulation, 15(3), 059-074.
[17]	BRICS Science, Technology and Innovation Ministerial Meeting. (2015, March 18). Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation Between the Governments of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the Russia Federation, the Republic of India. The People’s Republic of China and the Republic of South Africa/ Brasilia. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https://mniop.ru/wp-content/ uploads/ 2019/ 11/Memorandum-o-sotrudnichestve-i-vzaimoponimanii-v-sfere-nauki-tehnologii---i-innovatsii--.pdf.
[18]	BRICS Science, Technology and Innovation Ministerial Meeting. (2015, October 28). BRICS Science, Technology and Innovation Ministerial Meeting. Retrieved November 12, 2024, from https:// www.frccsc.ru/ sites/default/files/ BRICS% 20STI%20Work% 20Plan%20Final%202016_10_08.pdf?219.
[19]	Sokolov, A., Shashnov, S., & Kotsemir, M. (2021). From BRICS to BRICS plus: selecting promising areas of S&T Cooperation with developing countries. Scientometrics, 126(11), 8815-8859.
[20]	Sokolov, A., Shashnov, S., Kotsemir, M., & Grebenyuk, A. (2018). S&T Priorities for BRICS Countries: In Search of a Win-Win Strategy. In Research series on the Chinese dream and China’s development path (pp. 31-65).
[21]	Radulescu, I. G., Panait, M., & Voica, C. (2014). BRICS countries challenge to the world economy new trends. Procedia Economics and Finance, 8, 605-613.
[22]	Sönmez, A., Uysal, D., & Amirzai, F. R. (2024). Importance of BRICS countries in the world economy. In Advances in finance, accounting, and economics book series (pp. 1-48).
[23]	Haryono, H., Utari, W., Rahmawati, D. A., Endarto, B., & Sanusi, R. (2024). Evaluating the role of BRICS in shaping global economic governance: A comparative analysis of policy approaches and outcomes. The Es Economics and Entrepreneurship, 3(02).
[24]	Baki, R. (2024). Comparison of Innovation Performances of BRICS Countries through CRITIC and GRA Methods. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 23(4), 1561-1570.
[25]	World Intellectual Property Organization. (2024, September). Global Innovation Index 2023: Innovation in the Face of Uncertainty. WIPO. Retrieved January 12, 2025, from https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/rank.
[26]	Kahn, M. (2011). The fall of the Wall, the rise of the BRICs and the new Scramble for Africa. Foresight, 13(3), 38-49.
[27]	Shapenko, A., & Korovkin, V. (2014). Imagine BRICS: Four Scenarios of the Future. SSRN Electronic Journal.
[28]	Cunha, D. C. (2016). STUENKEL, Oliver. The BRICS and the future of global order. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2015, 228p. ISBN: 978-0-7391-9321-1. Mural Internacional, 6(2), 293-296.
[29]	Petrone, F. (2023). Why we need a multilateralism that works and what is the role of the BRICS: lessons from the recent Covid-19 pandemic. BRICS Journal of Economics, 4(1), 35-51.
[30]	Prado, M. M., & Salles, F. C. (2014). The BRICS Banks potential to challenge the field of development cooperation. Verfassung in Recht Und Übersee, 147-197.
[31]	Guo, S., Zhang, H., & Shi, W. (2019). Changes and developments in the BRICS agenda for future presidencies. International Organisations Research Journal, 14(2), 109-127.
[32]	Rezk, R., M. R. ;. Piccinetti, L. ;. Saleh, H. a. ;. Salem, N. ;. Mostafa, M. M. ;. Santoro, D. ;. El-Bary, a. a. ;. Sakr, M. M. (2023). Future scenarios of green hydrogen in the MENA countries: the case of Egypt. Insights Into Regional Development.
[33]	World Nuclear News. (2022, July 20). World Nuclear News. (2022, July 20). Construction of Egypt’s First Nuclear Power Plant Under Way. World Nuclear News. Retrieved December 12, 2024, from https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/ Articles/ Construction-of-Egypts-first-nuclear-power-plant-u.
[34]	World Nuclear Association. (2022). Nuclear Power in Egypt - World Nuclear Association. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/egypt.
[35]	ROSATOM. (2022, November 19). Rosatom State Atomiс Energy Corporation ROSATOM Global Leader in Nuclear Technologies Nuclear Energy. Retrieved January 9, 2025, from https://rosatom.ru/en/press-centre/news/the-rosatom-engineering-division-and-nppa-held-in-cairo-an-development-of-nuclear-industry-in-egypt/?sphrase_id=6430137.
[36]	Cgtn. (2023, December 4). China launches MisrSat-2 satellite jointly-developed with Egypt. CGTN. https:// news.cgtn.com/ news/2023-12-04/China-launches-jointly-developed-MisrSat-2-satellite-1pg2aqVPb2w/index.html.
[37]	Dailynewsegypt. (2024, July 30). Egyptian, Chinese officials discuss strengthening educational, technological cooperation. https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2024/07/30/egyptian-chinese-officials-discuss-strengthening-educational-technological-cooperation/.
[38]	Agenda 2063. (2015). Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. | African Union. http://agenda2063.au.int/.
[39]	Scopus. (2025). SCOPUS. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from https://www.scopus.com/.
[40]	Amer, M., Daim, T. U., & Jetter, A. (2013). A review of scenario planning. Futures, 46, 23-40.
[41]	Buurman, J., & Babovic, V. (2016). Adaptation Pathways and Real Options Analysis: An approach to deep uncertainty in climate change adaptation policies. Policy and Society, 35(2), 137-150.
[42]	Aurora Garrido-Moreno, Rodrigo Martín-Rojas, Víctor J. García-Morales (2024).The key role of innovation and organizational resilience in improving business performance: A mixed-methods approach, International Journal of Information Management, Volume 77, 2024, 102777, ISSN 0268-4012.
[43]	Ramirez, R., & Wilkinson, A. (2016). Strategic reframing: The Oxford scenario planning approach. Oxford University Press.
[44]	Schoemaker, P. J. H. (2020). How historical analysis can enrich scenario planning. Futures & Foresight Science, 2(3-4), e35.