Synthesis a New Magnetic Nanoparticles and Study the Interaction with Xanthine Oxidase

Hussain Kadhem Al-Hakeim^1, , Mustafa M. Kareem¹ and Eric A. Grulke²

¹Department of Chemistry- faculty of Science-Kufa University, Iraq

²Department of Chemical and Material Engineering-Engineering Faculty-Kentucky University

Cite this paper:
Hussain Kadhem Al-Hakeim, Mustafa M. Kareem and Eric A. Grulke. Synthesis a New Magnetic Nanoparticles and Study the Interaction with Xanthine Oxidase. American Journal of Nanomaterials. 2014; 2(2):13-20. doi: 10.12691/ajn-2-2-1

Abstract

Two new magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared using magnetic iron oxides with cholesterol and sulphadiazine. These compounds were prepared by coprecipitation methods of the iron oxide (II and III) and then the prepared MNP were incubated with the cholesterol and sulphadiazine. The synthesized compounds were identified using many techniques including TEM, SEM, DLS, and TGA. The results showed the formation of new magnetic nanoparticles; MNP@Cholesterol and MNP@Sulphadiazine. The interaction between the prepared MNPs and xanthine oxidase (XO) was studied as a potential method for the inhibition of its activity, for the extraction of XO from biological fluids or for the immobilization of XO on the surfaces of MNPs. The interaction studies involve incubation of XO solution with the suspension of the prepared MNPs using different concentration of XO solutions and fixed weights of MNPs. Adsorption studies of XO on MNPs showed that the prepared MNPS have the ability to extract suitable amounts of XO from solution. Circular dichroism study of the adsorption of XO on the prepared MNPs showed a significant changes in the secondary structures, namely reduction of the α-helix structure. Furthermore, fluorospectrophotometric study showed changes in the tertiary structure of the XO due to the interaction with the active sites of the prepared MNPs. Kinetic study of the inhibition of XO activity by the prepared MNPs showed a mixed inhibition due to the changes in the original XO enzyme after the interaction with the surfaces. Magnetic Fe₃O₄ showed the higher inhibition activity followed by MNP@Sulphadiazine and MNP@Choleterol-XO, respectively.

Keywords:
magnetic nanoparticles surface modification protein adsorption Xanthine Oxidase and enzyme inhibitor

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figures

References:

[1]	Leong GJ, Ebnonnasir A, Schulze MC, Strand MB, Ngo C, Maloney D, Frisco SL, Dinh HN, Pivovar B, Gilmer GH, Kodambaka S, Ciobanu CV, Richards RM. Shape-directional growth of Pt and Pd nanoparticles.Nanoscale. 2014;6(19):11364-71.
[2]	Castillo PM, de la Mata M, Casula MF, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Zaderenko AP. PEGylated versus non-PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles as camptothecin delivery system. Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2014; 5: 1312-9.
[3]	Li D, Tang X, Pulli B, Lin C, Zhao P, Cheng J, Lv Z, Yuan X, Luo Q, Cai H, Ye M. Theranostic nanoparticles based on bioreduciblepolyethylenimine-coated iron oxide for reduction-responsive gene delivery and magnetic resonance imaging.Int J Nanomedicine. 2014; 9: 3347-61.
[4]	Samanta A, Ravoo BJ. Magnetic Separation of Proteins by a Self-Assembled Supramolecular Ternary Complex.AngewChemInt Ed Engl. 2014 Sep 22.
[5]	Kasten A, Grüttner C, Kühn JP, Bader R, Pasold J, Frerich B. Comparative In Vitro Study on Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for MRI Tracking of Adipose Tissue-Derived Progenitor Cells.PLoS One. 2014; 9(9): e108055.
[6]	Céspedes E, Byrne JM, Farrow N, Moise S, Coker VS, Bencsik M, Lloyd JR, Telling ND. Bacterially synthesized ferrite nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia applications. Nanoscale. 2014 Sep 18.
[7]	Kado, T. Structural and magnetic properties of magnetite-containing epitaxial iron oxide films grown on MgO(001) substrates. Journal of Applied Physics. 2008; 103(4), 043902-4.
[8]	Laurent S, Saei AA, Behzadi S, Panahifar A, Mahmoudi M. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for delivery of therapeutic agents: opportunities and challenges.Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2014; 11(9): 1449-70.
[9]	Zhang ZJ, Ma J, Xu SB, Ren JH, Qin Y, Huang J, Yang KY, Zhang ZP, Wu G. Synthesis and characterization of surface-modified Fe3O4 super-paramagnetic nanoparticles. J HuazhongUnivSciTechnolog Med Sci. 2014; 34(2): 270-5.
[10]	Treuel L1, Eslahian KA, Docter D, Lang T, Zellner R, Nienhaus K, Nienhaus GU, Stauber RH, Maskos M. Physicochemical characterization of nanoparticles and their behavior in the biological environment. PhysChemChem Phys. 2014; 16(29): 15053-67.
[11]	Docter D, Bantz C, Westmeier D, Galla HJ, Wang Q, Kirkpatrick JC, Nielsen P, Maskos M, Stauber RH. The protein corona protects against size- and dose-dependent toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles.Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2014; 5: 1380-92.
[12]	Cedervall T, Lynch I, Lindman S, Berggard T, Thulin E, et al. Understanding the nanoparticle-protein corona using methods to quantify exchange rates and affinities of proteins for nanoparticles. ProcNatlAcadSci USA, 2007, 16: 2050-2055.
[13]	Mu X, Qiao J, Qi L, Liu Y, Ma H. Construction of a D-amino acid oxidase reactor based on magnetic nanoparticles modified by a reactive polymer and its application in screening enzyme inhibitors.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2014; 6(15): 12979-87.
[14]	Masuoka, N.; Nihei, K.; Maeta, A.; Yamagiwa, Y.; Kubo, I. Inhibitory effects of cardols and related compounds on superoxide anion generation by xanthine oxidase. Food Chem. 2014, 166: 270-274.
[15]	Kumar D, Kaur G, Negi A, Kumar S, Singh S, Kumar R. Synthesis and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 5,6-dihydropyrazolo/pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline derivatives.Bioorg Chem. 2014; 57C: 57-64.
[16]	Guan Q, Cheng Z, Ma X, Wang L, Feng D, Cui Y, Bao K, Wu L, Zhang W. Synthesis and bioevaluation of 2-phenyl-4-methyl-1,3-selenazole-5-carboxylic acids as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors.Eur J Med Chem. 2014; 85: 508-16.
[17]	Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Method of calculating the thermodynamic parameters from some isothermal absorption models J. Acta of Northwest Sci-Tech UnivAgric Forestry. 1998, 26(2): 94-98.
[18]	Kalckar H.M.. Differential spectrophotometry of purine compounds by means of specific enzymes; determination of hydroxypurine compounds. The Journal of biological chemistry. 1947; 167(2): 429-443.
[19]	Bradford, M.M. "Rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding", Anal. Biochem. 1976; 72: 248-254.
[20]	You Q, Antony J, Sharma A, Nutting J, Sikes D, Meyer D. Iron/iron oxide core-shell nanoclusters for biomedical applications. J Nanopart Res. 2006; 8: 489-496.
[21]	Silva VAJ, Andrade PL, Silva MPC, Bustamante A,Valladares LDS, Aguiar JA. Synthesis andcharacterizationofFe3O4 nanoparticles coated with fucan polysaccharides. J MagnMagn Mater. 2013; 343: 138-143.
[22]	Conde J, Dias JT, Grazú V, Moros M, Baptista PV, de la Fuente JM. Revisiting 30 years of biofunctionalization and surface chemistry of inorganic nanoparticles for nanomedicine. Front Chem. 2014; 2: 48.
[23]	Behzadi S, Serpooshan V, Sakhtianchi R, Müller B, Landfester K, Crespy D, Mahmoudi M. Protein corona change the drug release profile of nanocarriers: The "overlooked" factor at the nanobio interface.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2014; pii: S0927-7765(14)00477-9.
[24]	Sobczynski DJ, Charoenphol P, Heslinga MJ, Onyskiw PJ, Namdee K, Thompson AJ, Eniola-Adefeso O. Plasma protein corona modulates the vascular wall interaction of drug carriers in a material and donor specific manner.PLoS One. 2014; 9(9): e107408.
[25]	Aili, D., Enander, K., Rydberg, J., Nesterenko, I., Bjorefors, F., Baltzer, L., Liedberg B. Folding induced assembly of polypeptide decorated gold nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc. 2008; 130: 5780-5788.
[26]	De M, Rana S, Rotello VM. Nickel-ion-mediated control of the stoichiometry of His-tagged protein/nanoparticle interactions. MacromolBiosci 2009, 9: 174-178.
[27]	Arroyo-Maya IJ, Hernández-Sánchez H, Jiménez-Cruz E, Camarillo-Cadena M, Hernández-Arana A. α-Lactalbumin nanoparticles prepared by desolvation and cross-linking: Structure and stability of the assembled protein. Biophys Chem. 2014; 193-194: 27-34.
[28]	Perez-Iratxeta C, Andrade-Navarro MA. K2D2: estimation of protein secondary structure from circular dichroism spectra. BMC Structural Biology. 2008; 13;8:25. doi: 10.1186/1472-6807-8-25.
[29]	Seehuber A, Dahint R. Conformation and activity of glucose oxidase on homogeneously coated and nanostructured surfaces. J PhysChem B. 2013; 117(23): 6980-9.
[30]	Carter EL, Tronrud DE, Taber SR, Karplus PA, Hausinger RP. Iron-containing urease in a pathogenic bacterium. ProcNatlAcadSci USA. 2011; 108: 13095-13099.
[31]	Caputo GA, London E. Cumulative effects of amino acid substitutions and hydrophobic mismatch upon the transmembrane stability and conformation of hydrophobic alpha-helices. Biochemistry. 2003; 42, 3275-85.
[32]	Lakowicz, J. R., In Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Kluwer-Plenum, NY, 1999.
[33]	Toth J. Adsorption: theory, modeling, and analysis Surfactant, Marcel Dekker, Sci. Ser. 2002; 107(50): 971-983.
[34]	Wang B, Peng W,YokelRA, Eric A. Influence of surface charge on lysozyme adsorption to ceria nanoparticles. AppSurf Sci. 2012; 258(14): 5332-5341.
[35]	Fischer N, Verma A, Goodman C, Simard J, Rotello V, Reversible "irreversible" inhibition of chymotrypsin using nanoparticle receptors. JAm ChemSoc 2003; 125:13387-13391.
[36]	FeiL, Perrett S. Effect of Nanoparticles on Protein Folding and Fibrillogenesis.Int J Mol Sci. 2009; 10: 646-655.
[37]	Rabe M, Verdes D, Seeger S. Understanding protein adsorption phenomena at solid surfaces. AdvColl Interface Sci. 2011; 162(1-2): 87-106.
[38]	Case DA, Cheatham T, Darden T, Gohlke H, Luo R, Merz Jr KM, Onufriev A, Simmerling C, Wang B, Woods R: The Amber biomolecular simulation programs.J Comput Chem. 2005; 26: 1668-1688.
[39]	Shang W, Nuffer J, Dordick J, Siegel R. Unfolding of ribonuclease A on silica nanoparticle surfaces. NanoLett, 2007; 7: 1991-1995.
[40]	Wu SC, Lia YK Application of bacterial cellulose pellets in enzyme immobilization. J MolCatal B-Enzym. 2008; 54: 103-108.
[41]	Walkey CD, Chan WC. Understanding and controlling the interaction of nanomaterials with proteins in a physiological environment. ChemSoc Rev. 2012; 41(7): 2780-99.