Eating Behavior and Body Weight Alterations in Endocrine Disorders: An In-Depth Narrative Review

Moacir C. Andrade Jr.^1,

¹Department of Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto Metropolitano de Ensino (IME), Manaus, Brazil

Cite this paper:
Moacir C. Andrade Jr.. Eating Behavior and Body Weight Alterations in Endocrine Disorders: An In-Depth Narrative Review. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2026; 14(3):62-96. doi: 10.12691/jfnr-14-3-2

Abstract

Several excellent studies use the terms feeding behavior (FB) and eating behavior (EB) interchangeably, although they differ in scope. In the present work, FB refers to neuroendocrine regulation, experimental models, and physiological mechanisms, whereas EB pertains to the clinical, psychological, and social aspects observed in humans. FB is shaped by multiple influences—genetic, psychological, and hormonal—within broader socioeconomic, political, cultural, religious, and nutritional contexts. It can therefore be examined from complementary perspectives, particularly neurobiological, clinical, and therapeutic. Body weight (BW) partially reflects FB and its fluctuations over time. This in-depth narrative review explores alterations in EB and BW associated with various endocrine disorders, including hypothalamic syndrome; pituitary cachexia (Simmonds disease); thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism); parathyroid diseases; glycemic disturbances (e.g., diabetes mellitus and insulinoma-induced hypoglycemia); disorders of the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis (e.g., premenstrual syndrome, contraceptive-related changes, and polycystic ovary syndrome); adrenal disorders (Cushing syndrome and adrenal insufficiency); and growth hormone (GH) imbalances (gigantism, acromegaly, and GH deficiency). Whereas many reviews have focused on hormonal alterations underlying obesity as a distinct nosological entity or on primary eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, the present review specifically addresses changes in EB and BW as secondary manifestations of endocrine dysfunction. These alterations are discussed primarily as clinical signs and symptoms, along with their underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Relevant historical and therapeutic aspects are also considered.

Keywords:
appetite craving disordered eating hyperphagia hypophagia hypothalamic syndrome obesity

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