Towards the Utilization of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Leaves as a Rich Source of Antioxidants

Abuelgassim Omer Abuelgassim^1,

¹Biochemistry department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2455, Riyadh 11451

Cite this paper:
Abuelgassim Omer Abuelgassim. Towards the Utilization of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Leaves as a Rich Source of Antioxidants. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2020; 8(11):632-637. doi: 10.12691/jfnr-8-11-3

Abstract

Three varieties of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) leaves (DPL) namely: Sagaie, Khalas, and Nabtat Alsaif were examined for their antioxidant activities. DPL extracts showed a total phenolic content ranged between 1498.14 ± 100.52 - 4374.76 ± 657.64 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100g dry weight (DW) and a total flavonoid ranged between 134.70 ± 16.24 - 224.62 ± 22.35 mg quercetin (QE)/100g (DW). The IC_50s for scavenging ABTS radical were ranged between 71.87 ± 14.37- 217.87 ± 27.40µg Trolox equivalent, whereas that required for scavenging DPPH were ranged between 197.86 ± 17.60-693.32 ± 25.44 µg ascorbic acid equivalent. DPL extracts potentially scavenged hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals, IC_50s values were ranged between 208.04 ± 12.76-719.63 ± 24.38 and 825.92 ± 19.40 -1193.20 ± 28.74µg GAE respectively. DPL extracts showed a good activity against ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) ranged between 7.69 ± 0.47- 22.13 ± 1.36 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent/100g. DPL extracts showed a considerable antioxidant activity, therefore, DPL could be effectively used as natural source of antioxidant in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords:
date palm leaves total phenols total flavonoid free radicals scavenging activity

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	FAOSTAT. 2018. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation. Available: http://fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. [Accessed Jun. 26, 2020].
[2]	Abdulaziz, A., “The econometrics of investment in date production in Saudi Arabia”, Int. J. Applied Econ. Finance, 5(2).177-184. Mar. 2011.
[3]	Al-Farsi, M.A. and Lee,C.Y, Usage of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds in human health and animal feed. In: V.R. Preedy, R.R. Watson and V.B. Patel (ed.), Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, Elsevier, 2011, 447-452.
[4]	John, J.A. and Shahidi, F., “Phenolic content, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of seeds and leaves of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)”, J. Food Bioactives, 5:120-130. Mar. 2019.
[5]	Qadoos, A., Dhafari, H.S., Al Marzooqi, D.A., Al-yzyah, I.Y., Kumarappan, A., Nazir, A. and Elsori, D.H, “Phenolic content and antimicrobial activities of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits and leaves.”, Food Biology, 6: 11-15. May 2017.
[6]	Abuelgassim, A.O., Eltayeb, M.A., and Ataya, F.S, “Palm date (Phoenix dactylifera) seeds: A rich source of antioxidant and antibacterial activities”, Czech J. Food Sci., 38(3). 171-178. May 2020.
[7]	Chakroun, M., Khemakhem, B., Ben Mabrouk, H., El Abed, H., Makni, M., Bouaziz, M., Drira, N., Marrakchi, N.and Mejdoub. H, “Evaluation of anti-diabetic and anti-tumoral activities of bioactive compounds from Phoenix dactylifera L's leaf: In vitro and in vivo Approach”, Biomed. Pharmacother, 84. 415-422. Dec.2016.
[8]	Abuelgassim, A. O, “Effect of flax seeds and date palm leaves extracts on serum concentrations of glucose and lipids in alloxan diabetic rats”, Pak. J. Biol. Sci. ,13(23). 1141-1145. Dec.2010.
[9]	Abdelaziz, D.H, Ali, S.A. and Mostafa, M.M, “Phoenix dactylifera seeds ameliorate early diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats”, Pharm. Biol. 53(6). 792-799. Jun.2015.
[10]	Abiola, T., Dibie, D.C., Akinwale, O.J., and Shomuyiwa, O.A, “Assessment of the Antidiabetic Potential of the Ethanolic Extract of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Seed in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats”, J. Diabetes Metab. 9(1).784. Jan.2018.
[11]	Alqarni, M.M.M., Osman, M.A., Al-Tamimi, D.S., Gassem, M.A., Al-Khalifa, A.S., Al-Juhaimi, F. and Mohamed Ahmed, I.A, “Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects of Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) extracts in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet”, J. Food Biochem. 43(8). e12933. Aug.2019.
[12]	Saryono, S., Eliyan, J., Herdiati, D., Khikmatullah, A.A., Silvana, C.P. and Adi, H.P, “Anti-atherogenic properties of Deglet Noor Date seeds (Phoenix dactylifera) Methanol extract on Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemic Rats”, in: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 11th Joint Conference on Chemistry in Conjunction with the 4th Regional Biomaterials Scientific Meeting, 172.
[13]	Salem, G.A., Shaban, A., Diab, H.A., Elsaghayer, W.A., Mjedib, M.D., Hnesh A.M. and Sahu, R.P, “Phoenix dactylifera protects against oxidative stress and hepatic injury induced by paracetamol intoxication in rats”, Biomed. Pharmacother., 104. 366-374. Aug.2018.
[14]	McDonald, S., Prenzler, P.D., Antolovich, M .and Robards, K, “Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts”, Food Chem. 73. 73-84. Sep.2001.
[15]	Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen H., and Chern. J, “Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods”, J. Food Drug Anal, 10(3). 178-182. May 2002.
[16]	Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang M. and Rice-Evans C.A, “Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay”, Free Radic Biol Med., 26(9-10). 1231-1237. May 1999.
[17]	McCune, L.M and Johns,T, “Antioxidant activity in medicinal plants associated with the symptoms of diabetes mellitus used by the indigenous peoples of the North American boreal forest”, J. Ethnopharmacol. 82(2-3).197-205. Oct. 2002.
[18]	Kunchandy, E. and Rao. M.N.A, “Oxygen radical scavenging activity of Curcumin” Int. J. Pharm. 58(3). 237-240. Feb.1990.
[19]	Robak, J., and Gryglewski, R.J, “Flavonoids are scavengers of superoxide anions”, Biochem. Pharmacol. 37(5). 837-841. Mar.1988.
[20]	Athukorala, Y., Kim, K.N. and Jeon, Y. J, “Antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of an enzymatic hydrolysate from brown alga, Ecklonia cava”, Food Chem.Toxicol. 44(7).1065-1074. July 2006.
[21]	Kriaa, W., Fetoui, H., Makni, M., Zeghal, N.and Drira, N, “Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) leaves”, Int. J. Food Prop. 15(6). 1220-1232. Sep.2012.
[22]	Eddine, L.S., Ladjel, S. and Mohamed, O.M, “A comparative study of the antioxidant activity and phytochemical composition of leaves extract between three varieties of date palm tree”, International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 9(2). 162-171. Sep.2013.
[23]	Saha, S., Barua, B. and Sikdar, D, “Phytochemical screening, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of wild date palm (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) fruit extracted with different solvents”, Int. Food Res. J. 24(6). 2534-2542. Dec.2017.
[24]	Maqsood, S., Kittiphattanabawon, P., Benjakul, S., Sumpavapol, P.,and Abushelaibi, A, “Antioxidant activity of date (Phoenix dactylifera var. Khalas) seed and its preventive effect on lipid oxidation in model systems”, Int. Food Res. J. 22(3). 1180-1188. Jan.2015.
[25]	Kim, D.O., Lee, K.W., Lee, H.J. and Lee,C.Y, “Vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of phenolic phytochemicals”, J Agric Food Chem. 50(13). 3713-3717. Jun. 2002.
[26]	El Abed, H., Chakroun, M., Abdelkafi-Koubaa, Z., Drira, N., Marrakchi, N., Mejdoub, H.and Khemakhem, B, “Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antitumoral Effects of Aqueous Ethanolic Extract from Phoenix dactylifera L. Parthenocarpic Dates”, Biomed. Res. Int. 2018. 1542602. Aug.2018.
[27]	Nanaei, M., Nasseri, M.A., Allahresani, M. and Kazemnejadi, M, “Phoenix dactylifera L. extract: antioxidant activity and its application for green biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles as a recyclable nanocatalyst for 4-nitrophenol reduction”, SN Appl. Sci. 1. 853-864. July 2019.
[28]	Ouahida, D., Ridha, O.M. and Eddine, L.S, “Comparative study of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of leaf extract from Algerian Phoenix dactylifera L obtained by different methods”, Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacological Res. 7(3). 1-8. Jun.2017.
[29]	Ghiaba, Z., Yousfi, M., Hadjadj, M., Saidi M., and Dakmouche, M, “Study of antioxidant properties of five Algerian date (Phoenix dactylifera L) cultivars by cyclic voltammetric technique”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 9(2). 909-920. Dec.2013.
[30]	Mohamed, R.M., Fageer, A.S., Eltayeb, M.M. and.Mohamed Ahmed, I.A, “Chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and mineral extractability of Sudanese date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits”, Food Sci Nutr. 2(5). 478-489. Sep.2014.
[31]	Djouab, A., Benamara, S., Gougam, H., Amellal, H .and Hidous, K. “Physical and antioxidant properties of two Algerian date fruit species (Phoenix dactylifera L. and Phoenix canariensis L.)”, Emir. J. Food Agr. 28(9). 601-608. July 2016.