Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Some Selected Heavy Metals via Drinking Water from Dadinkowa Dam and River Gombe Abba in Gombe State, Northeast Nigeria

Maigari A. U.^1, , Ekanem E. O.², Garba I. H.², Harami A.² and Akan J. C.³

¹Department of Chemistry, Federal College of Education ( Tech.), P. M. B. 60, Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria

²Department of Chemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State, Nigeria

³Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

Cite this paper:
Maigari A. U., Ekanem E. O., Garba I. H., Harami A. and Akan J. C.. Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Some Selected Heavy Metals via Drinking Water from Dadinkowa Dam and River Gombe Abba in Gombe State, Northeast Nigeria. World Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2016; 4(1):1-5. doi: 10.12691/wjac-4-1-1

Abstract

The concentrations of eight heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co and Zn) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy in water from Dadinkowa dam and Kwadon boreholes which are the major sources of drinking water to Gombe town in Gombe State, North-East, Nigeria. The concentrations of metals in water from Dadinkowa dam were in the order: Fe (1.86mg/l), Mn(0.68mg/l), Cu(0.92mg/l), Pb(0.19mg/l), Cd(0.50mg/l), Ni(0.59mg/l), Co(0.42mg/l) and Zn(0.83mg/l).The concentrations of the metals in water from Gombe Abba River were in the order Fe(0.21 mg/l), Mn (0.24 mg/l), Cu (0.29 mg/l), Pb (0.02 mg/l), Cd (0.10 mg/l), Ni( 0.04 mg/l), Co(0.12 mg/l) and Zn (0.41 mg/l). The human health risk assessment was performed by determining the chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) of the metals through human oral consumption for both adults and children. The HQ of iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt in water from Dadinkowa dam were all greater than unity and thus pose a potential health risk for both adults and children while cobalt was the only heavy metal of concern in water from Gombe Abba River as its HQ was greater than unity. The THI of water from all the sampled sites assessed were of high risk. Further monitoring of these sites is recommended as well as research by biomedical experts to reveal the exact adverse effects that heavy metal contamination of water might induce in humans, particularly among individuals in vulnerable populations such as children.

Keywords:
atomic absorption spectroscopy chronic daily intake drinking water hazard quotient health risk assessment heavy metals total hazard index

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Al-Busaidi, M., Yesudhanon, P., Al-Mughairi, S., Al-Rahbi, W. A. K., Al-Harthy, K. S., Al-Mazrooei, N. A. and Al-Habsi, S. H.(2011). Toxic metals in commercial marine fish in Oman with reference of national and international standards. Chemosphere 85:67-73.
[2]	Al-Othman, Z. A., Naushad, M. U., and Inamuddin, (2011). Organic- Inorganic type composite cation-exchanger poly o-toluidine Zr(IV) tungstate: preparation, physicochemical characterization and its application in separation of heavy metals.
[3]	Ata, S., Moore, F., and Modabberi, S. (2009). Heavy metal contamination and distribution in the Shiraz Industrial Complex Zone Soil, South Shiraz, Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal (6):413-425.
[4]	ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry), (1993). Toxicological Profile for Cadmium in Atlanta, US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
[5]	Basta, N. T., Ryan,, J. A. And Chaney, R. L. (2005). Trace element chemistry in residual-treated soil: key concepts and metal bioavailability. Journal of Environmental Quality 34(1): 49-63.
[6]	Bhagure, G. R. and Mirgane, S. R. (2011). Heavy metal concentrations in groundwater and soils of Thane Region of Maharashtra, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 173: 643-652.
[7]	Chrowtoski, P. C., (1994). Exposure assessment principles. In: Patrick, D. R. (ED), Toxic Air Pollution Handbook. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, P154.
[8]	Duran, A., Tuzen, M., and Soylak, M. (2007). Trace element levels in some dried fruit samples from Turkey. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 59: 581-589.
[9]	Dudka, S., and Miller, W. P. (1999). Permissible concentrations of arsenic and lead in soils basedon risk assessment. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 113:127-132.
[10]	Fytianos, K., Katsianis, G., Triantafyllou, P., and Zachariadis, G. (2001). Accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables grown in an industrial area in relation to soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 67:423-430.
[11]	Galadima, A., Garba, Z.N., Leke, L., Almustapha, M.,and Adams, I. K. (2011). Domestic water pollution among local communities in Nigeria- Causes and Consequences. Euro Jounal of of Scientific Research. 52:592-563.
[12]	Grzetic, I., and Ghariani, R. A. H. (2008). Potential health risk assessment for soil heavy metal contamination in the central zone of Belgrade (Serbia). Journal of Serbian Chemical Society 73(8-9): 923-934.
[13]	Guerra, K., Konz, J., Lisi, K. and Neebrem, C. (2010). Exposure Factors Handbook. USEPA, Washington DC.
[14]	Kavcar, P., Sofuoglu, A., and Sofuoglu, S. C. (2009). A health risk assessment for exposure to trace metals via drinking water ingestion pathway. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 212:216-227.
[15]	Khan, S., Cao, Q., Zheng, Y. M., Huang, Y. Z. And Zhu, Y. G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution 152(3):686-692.
[16]	Liu, W. H., Zhao, J. Z., Ouyang, Z. Y., Soderlund, L. And Liu, G. H. (2005). Impacts of sewage irrigation on heavy metal distribution and contamination in Beijing, China. Environment International 31:805-812.
[17]	Nwachukwu, E. R., Ihedioha, J. F., Eze, I. S. And Agbazue, V. E. (2014). Health risk assessment in relation to heavy metals in water sources in rural regions of South East Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences 9(6): 109-116.
[18]	Radwan, M. A. And Salama, A. K., (2006). Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44: 1273-1278.
[19]	Rai, U. N., Tripathi, R. d., Vajpayee, P., Vidyanath, J. H. A., and Ali, M. B. (2002). Bioaccumulation of toxic toxic metals (Cr, Cd, Pb and Cu) by seeds of Euryale feroxsalisb (Makhana). Chemosphere 46: 267-272.
[20]	Santos, E. E., Lauri, D. C. And Silveira, P. C. L. (2006). Assessment of daily intake of trace elements due to consumption of food stuffs by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city. Science of the Total Environment 327: 69-79.
[21]	Sardar, K., Ali, S., Hameed, S., Afzal, S., Samar, F., Shakoor, M. B., Bharwana, S. A., and Tauqeer, H. M. (2013). Heavy Metals Contamination and what are the Impacts on Living Organisms. Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Safety 2(4): 172-179.
[22]	Suruchi and Khanna, P. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in different vegetables grown in and around urban areas. Research Journal of of Environmental Toxicology 5: 162-179.
[23]	Tuzen, M. And Soylak, M. (2007). Evaluation of trace element contents in canned foods marketed from Turkey. Food Chemistry 102: 1089-1095.
[24]	USEPA (1992). Guidelines for Exposure Assessment. EPA/600/Z-92/001. US Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC.
[25]	USEPA (2005). Guidelines For Carcinogen Risk Assessment. EPA/630/P-03?001F. US Environmental Protection Agency Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC.
[26]	Zhang, M. K., Liu, Z. Y., and Wang, H. (2010). Use of a single extraction methods to predict bioavailabilty of heavy metals in polluted soils to rice. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 5(4):708-711.