Heavy Metals Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Classroom Corner Dusts in Selected Public Primary Schools in Rivers State, Nigeria

Olua Victor^1, , Patrick-Iwuanyanwu Kingsley Chukwuemeka¹ and Nwaichi Eucharia Oluchi¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt

Cite this paper:
Olua Victor, Patrick-Iwuanyanwu Kingsley Chukwuemeka and Nwaichi Eucharia Oluchi. Heavy Metals Contents and Health Risk Assessment of Classroom Corner Dusts in Selected Public Primary Schools in Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health. 2018; 6(4):138-147. doi: 10.12691/jephh-6-4-3

Abstract

Heavy metals are shown to be a major indoor dusts pollutant. The health risk assessment of Heavy metal contents of dusts collected from classroom corners of some randomly selected public primary schools in Rivers state was carried out. Dust samples from Classroom corners of three (3) Public primary Schools in Obio/Akpor, Eleme, and Ikwerre Local Government Areas (LGAs) was collected and analyzed for Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), and Arsernic (As) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS, GF, Flame HVG). The heavy metal concentrations obtained from the analysis revealed that mean maximum level for Pb and Cd were obtained from E at 25.39±0.09 and 3.52±0.23 mg kg^-1 respectively, while that of Cr and As were obtained from H at 45.24±0.02 and 1.53±0.06 mg kg^-1. The minimum levels were observed at E. The Average daily intake Dose (ADD_{ingestion, dermal} and _inhalation) and corresponding Target Hazard Quotients obtained revealed oral ingestion as major exposure pathway, though with no evidence for non carcinogenic risk/Hazard index (HI), but with children population being more exposed to Life cancer Risks (TLCR) except at F. It is however recommended that same risk assessment be made on agricultural products harvested from Primary School Farms and Borehole water within these regions.

Keywords:
heavy metals dusts public primary school carcinogenic risks

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Klepeis, N.E.; Nelson, W.C.; Ott, W.R.; Robinson, J.P.; Tsang, A.M.. The national human activity pattern survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. J. Exp. Env.Epid. (2001)11: 231-252.
[2]	Schweizer, C.; Edwards, R.D.; Bayer-Oglesby, L.; Gauderman, W.J. and Ilacqua; V. Indoor time-microenvironment-activity patterns in seven regions of Europe. J. Exp. Env. Epid. (2007).; 17:170-181.
[3]	Tran, D.T.; Alleman, L.Y.; Coddeville, P.; Gallo, J.C. Elemental characterization and source identification of size resolved atmospheric particles in French classrooms. Atmos.Environ. (2012). 54: 250-259.
[4]	Al-Rajhi, M.A.; Seaward, M.R.D; and Al-Aamar, A.S. (1996). Metal levels in indoor and outdoor dust in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environ. Intl. 22: 315-324.
[5]	Tong, T.Y.; Lam, K.C. (2000). Home sweet home? A case study of household dust contamination in Hong Kong. Sci. Total Environ., 256: 115-123.
[6]	Al-Khashman, O.A. (2004). Heavy metal distribution in dust, street dust and soils from the work place in Karak Industrial Estate, J.Atmos. Environ.; 28: 6803-6812.
[7]	Meza-Figueroa, D.; La O-Villanueva M.D.; Parra, M.L.D. Heavy metal distribution in dust from elementary schools in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Atmos. Environ. (2007). 41: 276-288.
[8]	Hassan, S.K.M. Metal concentrations and distribution in the household, stairs and entryway dust of some Egyptian homes. Atmos.Environ., (2012). 54: 207-215. http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/lor/lor_ni_10_15.html retrieved 08/06/2017.
[9]	Huang. M.; Wang, W.; Chan, C.Y; Cheung, K.C.; Man, Y.B. Contamination and risk assessment (based on bioaccessibility via ingestion and inhalation) of metal (loid)s in outdoor and indoor particles from urban centers of Guangzhou, China. Science of The Total Environ. (2014). 480: 117-124.
[10]	Praveena, S.M.; Abdul, M.N.S.; Aris, A.Z. Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from primary school (Sri Serdang, Malaysia): estimation of the health risks. J. Environ. Foren.; (2015). 16: 257-263.
[11]	Wang, X.; Sato, T.; Xing, B. Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish. Sci. Total Environ. (2005). 350, 28-37.
[12]	Moya J; Bearer CF; Etzel RA. Children’s behavior and physiology and how it affects exposure to environmental contaminants. Pediatrics, (2004). 113: 996-1006.
[13]	Beamer, P.; Key, M.E.; Ferguson, A.C.; Canales, R.A.; Auyeng, W. Quantified activity pattern data from 6-to-27-month-old farmworker children for use in exposure assessment. Environ. Res. (2008). 108: 239-246.
[14]	Olujimi, O.; Steiner, O.; Goessler, W. Pollution indexing and health risk assessments of trace elements in indoor dusts from classrooms, living rooms and offices in Ogun State, Nigeria. J. Afri. Earth Sci. (2015). 101: 396-404.
[15]	Luo, X.S.; Ding, J.; Xu, B.; Wang, Y.J.; Li, H.B. Incorporating bio accessibility into human health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban park soils. Sci. Total Environ., (2012). 424: 88-96.
[16]	United States of Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2002). Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites. OSWER 9355/4-24. Washington, DC: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, and peaceful coexistence Africa World Press, Trenton, New Jersey, pg 72.
[17]	United States Department of Energy. The risk assessment information system (USDOE). Oak Ridge, TN: US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Operations Office (ORO),. 2011 Available at: https://rais.ornl.gov/.
[18]	United States of Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Integrated. risk information system. Washington, DC: US EPA, 2011. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/. Retrieved 02/07/2017.
[19]	US Environmental Protection Agency. Framework for Determining a Mutagenic Mode of Action for Carcinogenicity: Review Draft. (2007). Available online: http://www.epa.gov/osa/mmoaframework/pdfs/MMOA-ERD-FINAL-83007.pdf (accessed on 3/07/2017).
[20]	MEP (Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China). Technical Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites; China Environmental Science Press: (2014). Beijing, China. (In Chinese).
[21]	US Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume 1: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A); (1989). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response: Washington, DC, USA.
[22]	Popoola, O.E.; Bamgbose, O.; Okonkwo, O.J.; Arowolo, T.A., Popoola, A.O. Heavy metals content in classroom dust of some public primary schools in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria. Res. J. Environ. Earth Sci. (2012). 4: 460-465.
[23]	Aydinalp, C.; Marinova, S. The Effects of Heavy metals on Seed Germination and Plant Growth on Alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa). Bulg.J. Agric.Sci. (2009), 15(4), 347-350.
[24]	Seregin, I.V.; Ivaniov, V.B. Physiological aspects of cadmium and lead toxic effects on higher plants. Russ. J. Plant Phys. (2001). 48: 606-630.
[25]	Ademoroti, C. M. A. . Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Foludex Press Ltd., Ibadan. (1996). 171-204.
[26]	Asia, I. O.; Ekpo, K. E.; Amayo, K. O.; Jegede, D. A.. Determination of Lead, Cadmium and Mercury in surrounding water and organs of some species of fish from Ikpoba River in Benin city, Nigeria. Intl. J. Phy. Sci. (2008) 3(11): 289-292.
[27]	Uaboi - Egbenni, P. O.; Okolie, P. N.; Martins, O.; Teniola, O. Studies on the occurrence and distribution of heavy metals in sediments in Lagos Lagoon and their effects on benthic microbial population. Afri. J. Environ. Sci. Tech. (2010). 4(6), pp. 343-351, Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJES
[28]	Addo, M.A.; Darko, E.O.; Gordon, C.; Nyarko, B.J.B.; Gbadago, J.K. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Road Deposited Dust at Ketu-South District, Ghana. Intl. J. Sci. Tech. (2012). 2(1): 28-29.
[29]	Sanborn, M.D.; Abelsohn, A.; Campbell, M.; Weir, E. (2002). Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 3. Lead exposure. Can.Med.Asso. J. 166: 1287-92.
[30]	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Methods of Chemical Analysis of Water and Waste. Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, cin cinnati, O.H., US. Enviromental Protection Agency, Water Pollution Control Resource. (1971). Series. No. 1805GWV05/71.
[31]	Corbett, D. R.; Dillon, K.; Burnett, W.; Schaefer, G. The special variability of nitrogen and phosphorous concentration in sand aquifer influenced by onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems: a case study on St. George Island, Florida. Environ.Pol. (2002). 117: 337-345.
[32]	Iqbal, M. A.; Chaudhary, M.N.; Zaib, S.; Imran, M.; Ali, K .; Iqbal, A. Accumulation of Heavy Metals (Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb) in Agricultural Soils and Spring Seasonal Plants, Irrigated by Industrial Waste Water. J.Environ. Tech. Mgt. (2011). 2:1. Retrieved June 3, 2017 from http://icoci.org/jetm
[33]	Novey, H. S.; Habib, M. “Asthma and IgE antibodies induced by chromium and nickel salts.” Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology. (1983). 72(4): 407-412.
[34]	Lindberg, E.; Vesterberg, O. “Urinary excretion of proteins in chromeplaters, exchromeplaters and referents.” Scan. J.W.Environ. Health. (1983). 9(6), 505-510.
[35]	Dayan, A. D.; Paine, A.J. “Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of the literature from 1985 to 2000.” Hum. Expt. Tox.(2001). 20(9): 439-51.
[36]	Polak, L. “Immunology of chromium. In: Chromium: metabolism and toxicity.” Burrows, D, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,: (1983). 51-135.
[37]	Bruynzeel, D. P.;Hennipman, G. “Irritant contact dermatitis and chrome-passivated metal.” Contact Dermatitis (1988). 19(3): 175-179.
[38]	Lewis, R. “Occupational Exposures: Metals. In: Current Occupational & Environmental Medicine. LaDou, J. editor. 3rd Ed.” Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. (2004). 439-441.
[39]	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry “Toxicological Profile for Chromium.” (2000). http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=62&tid=17. retrieved 08/06/2017
[40]	Gibb, H. J.; Lees, P.S. “Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production.” Amer. J. Ind. Med. (2000). 38(2): 115-126.
[41]	Park, R. M.; Bena, J.F. “Hexavalent chromium and lung cancer in the chromate industry: a quantitative risk assessment.” Risk Analysis (2004). 24(5): 1099-1108.
[42]	Katz, S. A.; Salem, H. “The toxicology of chromium with respect to its chemical speciation: a review.” J. Appl. Tox. (1993). 13(3): 217-224.
[43]	World Health Organization, Arsenic (2016). http://www.who.int/media centre /factsheets /fs372 /en/ retrieved 17/06/1
[44]	Rose, M.; Lewis, J.; Langford, N.; Baxter, M.; Origgi, S.; Barber, MArsenic in seaweed-forms, concentration and dietary exposure. Food Chemi. Toxicol. (2007). 45(7): 1263-1267.
[45]	Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [ATSDR] Toxicological profile for arsenic. Draft for Public Comment. Atlanta GA;. Available from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=22&tid=3. (2007). retrieved 04/07/2017
[46]	Zheng, N.; Liu, J.; Wang, Q.; Liang, Z. Health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting district, Northeast of China. Sci. Total Environ. (2010). 408, 726-733.
[47]	Junhua, M.; Wichitra, S. Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy metals in Surface Dusts of Maha Sarakham Municipality. Proce. - Soc.Behav. Sci. (2012). 50, 280-293.
[48]	Fang, F.; Jiang, B.; Wang, H.; Xie, H. Particle size distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface dust of Wuhu urban area. Geo. Res. (2010). 29(7), 1193-1202.
[49]	Cao, S.; Duan, X.; Zhao, X.; Wang, B.; Ma, J. Health risk assessment of various metal(loid)s via multiple exposure pathways on children living near a typical lead-acid battery plant, China. Environ.Pol.; (2015). 200:16-23.
[50]	Kurt-Karakus, P.B. Determination of heavy metals in indoor dust from Istanbul, Turkey: Estimation of the health risk. Environ.Intl, (2012). 50:47-55.
[51]	Wilbur, S.; Abadin, H.; Fay, M.; Yu, D.; Tencza, B. Toxicological Profile for Chromium. Atlanta (GA): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US). 3, Health Effects. 2012. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK158851/ retrieved 7/6/17