Comparative Analysis of Iodine Concentration in Water, Soil, Cereals and Table Salt of Horaboka, Mio and Besaso Towns of Bale Robe, South East Ethiopia

Tamene Fite Duressa^1, , Ahmed Yasin Mohammed¹, Girma Regassa Feyissa¹, Lemma Teshome Tufa² and Khalid Siraj³

¹Department of Environmental Health, Health Science College, Madawalabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia

²Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia

³Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

Cite this paper:
Tamene Fite Duressa, Ahmed Yasin Mohammed, Girma Regassa Feyissa, Lemma Teshome Tufa and Khalid Siraj. Comparative Analysis of Iodine Concentration in Water, Soil, Cereals and Table Salt of Horaboka, Mio and Besaso Towns of Bale Robe, South East Ethiopia. Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health. 2014; 2(1):27-33. doi: 10.12691/jephh-2-1-6

Abstract

The iodine content of water, soil, salt and cereals have been analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), titrimetry, Fusion and ion selective electrode methods at Geological Survey of Ethiopia, Geosciences Laboratory Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. From the view point of analytical result, the chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, manganese and magnesium, which are considered as goitrogens are with high concentrations while that of iodine is significantly low (p = 0.055). Likewise, the concentrations of iodine in all the water samples fall in the ranges of the iodine concentration of the various parts of the world, 15µg/l. The iodine concentration in the soil samples taken from non-farm lands (no use of chemical inputs) is significantly higher (p = 0.001) than that of farm lands. Iodine concentration in wheat and barley samples is observed to be significantly low (p = 0.002). This is the major guide to draw the conclusion that community using this water, cereals and salt could face the insufficiencies of iodine in their dietary, which in turn would cause less up-take of iodine by the body resulting iodine deficiency disorder and endemic goiter among the population. Thus, the main approaches to tackle the challenges are the use of iodized salt and oil, fortification of food, water and condiments and distribution of iodine tablets.

Keywords:
goiter iodine iodine deficiency disorder thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) hypothyroid universal Iodized salt iodinated oil

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Rana R. Nair S. and Raghuvanshi R. S; Iodine retention in cooked cereals and pulse using iodized, Dept. of Foods & Nutrition, Faculty of Family & Community Sciences, M. S. University of Baroda, Gujarat, India, Dept. of Foods & Nutrition, College of Home Sciences, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, India. 2009
[2]	AACE/AME. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi. Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules. Endocr Pract. 16: 1-43, 2010.
[3]	Ladenson, P., Kim, M. Thyroid. In: Goldman L and Ausiello D, eds. Goldman: Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders; 2007.
[4]	Budavari, S, O’Neill M, smith A, eds. The merck index. An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biological, 11th ed. Rahway, NJ, merkd, 1989.
[5]	National academy of sciences. Drinking water and health. Vol. 3. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1980
[6]	Ruth JH. Odor thresholds and irritation levels of several chemical substances: a review. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 47(3): 142-151, 1986.
[7]	US environmental protection agency. Methods for the examination of water and wastes. Clinicinnati, OH, 1983.
[8]	Vanderpas J. Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism. Ann Rev Nutr. 26, 293-322, 2006.
[9]	American public health Association, standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 17th ed. Washington, DC, 1989.
[10]	Hetzel, B., Meberrly, G.F., Iodine. In: Mertz W, ed., Trace elements in human and animal nutrition, 5th ed, New York, NY, academic press: 139-208, 1986.
[11]	National research council. Recommended dietary allowances, Washington, DC, National academy press, 1989.
[12]	Welt, L.G., Blythe, W.B. Anions: phosphate, iodide, fluoride and other anions. In: Goodamn LD, Gilman A, The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 4th Ed. N. Y, Macmillan, 1970.
[13]	Stokinger, H.E. The halogens and the nonmetals, boron and silicon. In clayton GD, clayton FE, eds. Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology, 2B, 3rd rev. Ed. New York, NY, John wiley, 1981.
[14]	Bagchi, N., Brown, T.R., Urdanivia, E., Sundick, R.S. Induction of autoimmune thyroiditis in chickens by dietary iodine. Science, 230(4723): 325-327, 1985.
[15]	The thyroid gland – iodine sources, http://www.iodinesource.com/ThyroidGland.php, accessed on 11/11/ 2013.
[16]	Day, T.K & Powell-Jackson, P.R. Fluoride, Water Hardness, and Endemic Goiter. The Lancet, 299(7761): 1135-1138, 1972.
[17]	[17]Chlorite and Chlorate in Drinking Water – WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 2005. Iodine Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity: Merck Manual Professional, http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/nutritional_disorders/mineral_deficiency_and_toxicity/iodine.html, accessed on 23/11/2013.
[18]	Danziger, Y., Pertzelan, A., and Mimouni, M. Transient congenital hypothyroidism after topical iodine in pregnancy and lactation. Arch Dis Child, 62(3): 295-296, 1987.
[19]	Kirk, A.B., Martinelango, P.K., Tian, K., Dutta, A., Smith, E.E., Dasgupta, P.K. Perchlorate and iodide in dairy and breast milk. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(7): 2011–2017, 2005.
[20]	Food and Nutrition Board – Iodine Nutrition in USA, National Research Council, N.AC.Sc., Washington, DC, 1970.
[21]	Underwood E.J; Iodine in trace elements, in human and animal nutrition, Vol.2, Academic Press, New York, 1977.
[22]	National Academy of Science, Recommended dietary allowances, 199054. David M. Derry, Breast Cancer and Iodine, Trafford Publishing, Victoria B.C., 2001
[23]	Iodine residues in milk-definition of iodine residues in milk in the medical dictionary, 2010.
[24]	Whitehead D.C. The Distribution and Transformation of Iodine in the Environment, Environment International, 10(4): 321–339, 1984.
[25]	Muramatsu, Y, Yoshida, S: Effects of Microorganisms on the Fate of Iodine in the Soil Environment.. Geomicrobiology Journal, 16(1): 85-93, 1999.
[26]	Ron Fuge, Geochemistry of iodine in relation to iodine deficiency diseases, Environmental Geochemistry and health, 113: 201-211, 1996.
[27]	Abuye, C., Berhane, Y., Ersumo, T. The Role of Changing Diet and Altitude on Goitre Prevalence in Five Regional States in Ethiopia. East Afr J Public Health. 5(3): 163-168, 2008.
[28]	Kapil, U., Jayakumar, P.R., Singh, P., Aneja, B. and Pathak, P. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders in Kottayam district, Kerala State: a pilot study. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11 (1): 33-35, 2002.
[29]	Diosady, L.L., Alberti, J.O., Mannar, M.G.V. and Stone, T.G. Stabitily of iodine in Iodized salt used for correction of iodine deficiency disorders. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 18(4): 388-396, 1997.
[30]	Rahn, K.A., Borys R.D., and Duce R.A. Troposphere halogen gases: Inorganic and organic components. Science, 192(4239): 549-550, 1976.
[31]	Rahn, K.A., Borys, R.D., Bulter, E.L. and Duce, R.A. Gaseous and particulate halogens in the New York City atmosphere. Annals New York Academy of Sciences. 322: 143-151, 1979.
[32]	Tsukada, H., T. Sanada, T. Ueno, H. Amano, and Kobayashi, Y. Particulate and gaseous Cl, Br and I in the Chiba city atmosphere. Earozoru Kenkyu, 10(3): 214-220, 1995.
[33]	Yoshida, S. and Muramatsu, Y. Determination of organic, inorganic and particulate iodine in the coastal atmosphere of Japan. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 196 (2): 295-302, 1995.
[34]	Pennington, J.A.T., Schoen, S.A., Salmon, G.D., Young, B., Johnson, R.D., Marts, R.W. Composition of Core Foods of the U.S. Food Supply, 1982-1991: III. Copper, Manganese, Selenium, and Iodine. J Food Comp Anal., 8(2): 171-217, 1995.
[35]	National Guidelines for Control and Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiencies, Ethiopia, 13-15, 2004.