Spiral Arm Formation of Galaxies Through ROTASE Mechanism is Perfectly Demonstrated by Falling Rockets Venting Fuel

Hongjun Pan^1,

¹Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA

Cite this paper:
Hongjun Pan. Spiral Arm Formation of Galaxies Through ROTASE Mechanism is Perfectly Demonstrated by Falling Rockets Venting Fuel. International Journal of Physics. 2023; 11(4):166-173. doi: 10.12691/ijp-11-4-1

Abstract

This paper illustrates that the ROTASE model proposed by the author for the formation of spiral arms of galaxies is nicely demonstrated by the spirals generated by rockets venting fuel during free fall. The patterns of spirals by the falling rockets strongly support that the spiral galaxies with perfect central symmetry have to be originated from the galactic centers, and the spiral arms and the galactic bars are bound together as “rigid” body. The exclusive presence of a rear side trail effect in galaxies indicates the absence of co-rotation, and the rotation of spiral arms is faster than the galactic matters. The exact nature of X-matter remains an open question.

Keywords:
spiral arms spiral galaxies x-matter black holes galaxy evolution spirals by rockets

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Hubble, E. The Classification of Spiral Nebulae, The Observatory, 1927, 50, 276-281.
[2]	Pan H, Spirals and rings in barred galaxies by the ROTASE model, IJP. 9(6), 286 (2021).
[3]	Seigar M (editor), Spiral Structure in Galaxies, Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2017.
[4]	Lin C and Shu F, On the spiral structure of disk galaxies, ApJ. 140, 646 (1964).
[5]	Julian W and Toomre A., Non-axisymmetric responses of differentially rotating disks of stars, ApJ. 146, 810 (1966).
[6]	Dobbs C and et. al. Simulations of the grand design galaxy M51: a case study for analysing tidally induced spiral structure, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 403 625 (2010).
[7]	Romero-Gómez, M.; Masdemont, J.; Athanassoula, E.; García-Gómez, C. The origin of rR1 ring structures in barred galaxies, A&A 2006, 453, 39–45.
[8]	Romero-Gómez, M.; Athanassoula, E.; Masdemont, J.; García-Gómez, C. The formation of spiral arms and rings in barred galaxies, A&A, 2007, 472, 63–75.
[9]	Athanassoula, E.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Masdemont, J.; Rings and spirals in barred galaxies – I. Building blocks, MNRAS, 2009, 394(1), 67–81.
[10]	Athanassoula, M.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Bosma, A.; Masdemont, J. Rings and spirals in barred galaxies – II. Ring and spiral morphology, MNRAS, 2009, 400(4), 1706–1720.
[11]	Athanassoula, E.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Bosma, A.; Masdemont, J. Rings and spirals in barred galaxies – III. Further comparisons and links to observations, MNRAS, 2010, 407(3), 1433–1448.
[12]	Pan H, New Formulas and Mechanism for the Spiral Arm Formation of Galaxies, IJP 7(3) 73 (2019).
[13]	Pan H., Application of new formulas for the spiral arm formation to selected galaxies with special patterns, AJAA 8(3) 45 (2020).
[14]	Hawking S. 1998 A brief history of time, (Bantam Books, NY, NY), pp 10. ISBN 0-553-10953-7.
[15]	Byrd, G. et al. Leading spiral arms, retrograde galaxy encounters and massive halos. Celest. Mech. 45, 31 (1988).
[16]	Pour-Imani H and et. al. Strong evidence for the density-wave theory of spiral structure in disk galaxies, ApJL 827, L2 (2016).