Calculate the Energy Flow of Transformers, Antenna Systems, and Photons by Redefining the Radiated Electromagnetic Field of Plane-sheet Current

Shuang-ren Zhao^1,

¹mutualenergy.org, London, Canada

Cite this paper:
Shuang-ren Zhao. Calculate the Energy Flow of Transformers, Antenna Systems, and Photons by Redefining the Radiated Electromagnetic Field of Plane-sheet Current. International Journal of Physics. 2023; 11(3):136-152. doi: 10.12691/ijp-11-3-3

Abstract

The author found that many important unsolved problems in today’s physics are actually caused by the unreasonable definition of radiated electromagnetic field in classical electromagnetic fields. For example, the wave particle duality problem and many different interpretations of quantum mechanics. The definition of radiated electromagnetic field in classical electromagnetic field theory has deviated from the original definition of quasi static electromagnetic field. This deviation leads to the failure of all energy theorems, including Poynting theorem and mutual energy flow theorem. The solution of Maxwell’s equation cannot be fully satisfied. Either the boundary conditions cannot be satisfied, or the formula of electromagnetic field calculated by vector potential cannot be satisfied. The author chooses the electromagnetic field of plane sheet current as an example to study this problem. The author redefines the electromagnetic field in electromagnetic radiation, so that the newly defined radiated electromagnetic field is a more reasonable seamless generalization of quasi-static electromagnetic field. Two plane-sheet currents can form a transformer, so this method can also study the energy flow from the primary coil to the secondary coil of the transformer. When there is a certain distance between the secondary coil and the primary coil, the primary coil becomes a transmitting antenna and the secondary coil becomes a receiving antenna. Therefore, this method is also suitable for the study of antenna systems. As we all know, the energy of photons is emitted from the light source and absorbed by the light sink. The light source is equivalent to the transmitting antenna, and the light sink is equivalent to the receiving antenna. Therefore, the method introduced in this paper is also suitable for the photonic system including one light source and one light sink. According to the new definition of radiated electromagnetic field in this paper, the mutual energy flow is generated at the source of the electromagnetic wave, then propagates to the sink of the electromagnetic wave and is absorbed at the sink. This can explain the fact that photons are generated at the light source and annihilated at the light sink. This paper supports the author’s view that the energy flow of photons is mutual energy flow. Mutual energy flow is the common product of retarded wave and advanced wave. The author supports that the advanced wave is a real and objective existence. The examples given in this paper show that the interpretation of mutual energy flow proposed by the author can be regarded as an improved transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics proposed by Cramer.

Keywords:
Maxwell equation reciprocity theorem conservation of energy Poynting theorem energy flow transformer primary coil secondary coil transmitting antenna receiving antenna retarded wave retarded potential advanced wave advanced potential absorber radiator emitter photons quantum electromagnetic wave electromagnetic field transactional interpretation

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