International Journal of Physics
ISSN (Print): 2333-4568 ISSN (Online): 2333-4576 Website: https://www.sciepub.com/journal/ijp Editor-in-chief: B.D. Indu
Open Access
Journal Browser
Go
International Journal of Physics. 2022, 10(5), 252-261
DOI: 10.12691/ijp-10-5-2
Open AccessArticle

The Intrinsic Derivation of the Gravitational Constant G

W. Walden1 and T. G.M. Gerlitz1,

1Department of Mathematics, Technological University of Panama, Panama, Republic of Panama

Pub. Date: December 01, 2022

Cite this paper:
W. Walden and T. G.M. Gerlitz. The Intrinsic Derivation of the Gravitational Constant G. International Journal of Physics. 2022; 10(5):252-261. doi: 10.12691/ijp-10-5-2

Abstract

A mathematical investigation to derive the gravitational constant reveals new data. The concept is based on symmetry and CTP-operation together with a treatment related to the two light-speeds in the vacuum. With respect to a validity in space, an antispace incorporating matter, anti-matter and anything between this the study presents an intrinsic derivation based on natural constants alone. It does not disregard former achievements as the results strongly agree with others presented elsewhere. The advantage is the curious appearing numer for G can be demonstrated embedded in the theories touching gravity treatment in good conformance. An extension for application to already established space theories is discussed, which can then provide a basis for the Grand Unified Theories.

Keywords:
special relativity classical field theory gravitation

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]  Cavendish, H. Three Papers Containing Experiments on Facttious Air. Phil. Trans. 56 (1766) 141-184.
 
[2]  Cavendish, H. An Attempt to Explain Some of the Principal Phaenomena of Electricity, by means of an Elastic Fluid. Phil. Trans. 61 (1771) 564-677.
 
[3]  Cavendish, H. An Account of Some Attempts to Imitate the Effects of the Torpedo by Electricity. Phil. Trans. 66 (1976) 195-225.
 
[4]  Cavendish, H. Experiments on Air. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 75 (1785) 372-384.
 
[5]  Cavendish, H. Experiments to Determine the Density of Earth. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 88 (1798) 469-526.
 
[6]  Georgi, H.; Glashow, S.L. (1974). Unity of All Elementary Particle Forces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 32 438-441.
 
[7]  Buras, A.J.; Ellis, J.; Gaillard, M.K.; Nanopoulos, D.V. (1978). Aspects of the grand unification of strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions. Nuclear Phys. B 135 (1978) 66-92
 
[8]  Ross, G. Grand Unified Theories. Westview Press (1984).
 
[9]  Dirac, P. A. M. Proc. Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field. Roy. Soc. London A 133 (1931) 60-72.
 
[10]  Blanchet, L. Post-Newtonian theory and the two-body problem. arXiv.org/gr-qc/0907.3596 (2010).
 
[11]  Loinger, A. Gravitational waves waves are fictious entities II. astro-ph/9906058 (1999).
 
[12]  Ferrarese, G.; Stazi, L. Lezione di Meccanica Razionale, vol. 2. Pitagora eds., Bologna (1989).
 
[13]  Ferrarese G.; Bini, G. Introduction to relativistic continuum mechanics. Springer, Heidelberg (2008).
 
[14]  Landau, L. D.; Lifschitz, E. M. The Classical Theory of Fields, vol. 2, Pergamon Press (1971).
 
[15]  Gerlitz, T. G. M. The Mysterious Finestucture Constant Alpha (α) in Quantum Mechanics. Adv. Eng. and Appl. Sci.: An International Journal. 5 (2022a) 1 79-82.
 
[16]  Gerlitz, T. G. M. Superluminality and Finite Potential Light-Barrier Crossing. Int. J. Phys. 9 (2021) 9, 234-239.
 
[17]  Gerlitz, T. G. M.; Walden, W. An Idea to a World inside a Black Hole. Int. J. Phys. 5 (2017) 171-180.
 
[18]  Gerlitz, T. G. M.; Walden, W. A Constant Rotating Kerr -Newman Black Hole with No Net Electrical Charge. Glob. J. Science Front. Res. (A): Phys. Space Science 17 (2017) 4-14.
 
[19]  Gerlitz, T. G. M.; Walden, W. A Constant Rotating Kerr-Newman Black Hole with No Electrical Net Charge. Int. J. Phys. 6 (2018) 1-8.
 
[20]  The intrinsic derivation of the gravitational constant G. Int. J. Phys. (in press).
 
[21]  Einstein, A. How I Constructed the Theory of Relativity (translated by Masahiro Morikawa from the text recorded in Japanese by Jun Ishiwara), Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (AAPPS) Bulletin 15 (2005)) 17-19.
 
[22]  Wesson, P., S. (2006). Five-dimensional Physics. World Scientific (2006). 82-23.
 
[23]  de la Grange Tournier, Giuseppe Lodovico. Mécaniqueanalytique (1788). Paperback. Cambridge Library Collection, Cambridge University Press (2009).
 
[24]  Ciufolini, Ignazio, C.; Wheeler, J., A.; Gravitation and Inertia, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press (1995) 117-119.
 
[25]  Roll, Peter G.; Krotkov, Robert; Dicke, Robert H.The equivalence of inertial and passive gravitational mass. Ann. Phys. 26 (1964) 442-517.
 
[26]  Ioannis Philoponi, I. Aristotelis libros de generatione et corruptione commentaria, Girolamo Vitelli (ed.), Reimer, Berlin 1897.
 
[27]  Fixler, J. B.; Foster, G. T. McGuirk, J. M.; Kasevich, M. A. Atom Interferometer Measurement of the Newtonian Constant of Gravity. Science 315 (2007) 74-77.
 
[28]  CODATA (P. J. Mohr; D. B. Newell; B. N. Taylor, eds.) Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8420, USA (2015).
 
[29]  T. E. Lipe and Y.-H. Tang (eds.). Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM). IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 584 (2009) 748-1267.
 
[30]  Lagrange, J., L. Mécanique Aanalytique. Vol. 1 (Broché, ed.) Paris (1811).
 
[31]  Newton, I. Principia Mathematica Philosophie Naturalis (1686). Reprinted by University of California Press, Berkeley, California (1934).
 
[32]  Dirac, P. A. M. Proc. Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field. Roy. Soc. London A 133 (1931) 60-72.
 
[33]  Guerlac, H. Lavoisier: The Crucial Year. The background and Origin of his first experiments on combustion in 1772. Dict. Sci. Biogr. 8 (Gillispie, ed.,) Charles Scribner’s Sons, Ithaka, NY (1961) pp. 72.
 
[34]  De Broglie, L. V. Rayonnement noir et quanta de lumière. Journal de Physique et le Radium 3 (1922) 422-428.
 
[35]  Dirac, P. A. M. The Quantum Theory of the Electron. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 117 (1928a) 610-624.
 
[36]  Dirac, P. A. M. The Quantum Theory of the Electron. Part II. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 118 (1928b) 351-3611.
 
[37]  Gerlitz, T. G. M. The Mysterious Constant Alpha (α) in Quantumphysics. Int. J. Phys. 10 (2022a) 59-63.
 
[38]  Fermi, E.. Sulla quantizzazione del gas perfetto monoatomico. Rendiconti Lincei 3 (1926) 145-149.
 
[39]  Fock, V. A. Theory of space, time and gravitation. Pergamon, London (1959).
 
[40]  Yvon, J. (1940) Équations de Dirac-Madelung. J. Phys. et le Radium 1 (1940) 18-24.
 
[41]  Hestenes, D. (1975) Observables, Operators, and Complex Numbers in the Dirac Theory. J. Math. Phys. 16 (1975) 556-572.
 
[42]  Penrose, R. Gravitational collapse and space-time singularities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 14 (1965) 57-73.
 
[43]  De la Grange Tournier, Giuseppe Lodovico. Mécaniqueanalytique (1788). Mecanique Analytique, Paperback. Cambridge Library Collection, Cambridge University Press (2009).
 
[44]  Bose (1924). Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese, Z. Phys. (in German), 26 (1924) 178-181.
 
[45]  Bondi, H.; Pirani, F. A. E., Robinson, I. Gravitational waves in general relativity III. Exact plane waves. Proc. R. Soc. London A 251 (1959) 519-533.
 
[46]  Krey, U.; Owen, A. Basic Theoretical Physics – A Concise Overview. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York (2007).
 
[47]  Schmidt-May, A.; von Strauss, M. Recent developments in bimetric theory. J..Phys.. A 49 (2016) 1-82.
 
[48]  Trautmann, A. Radiation and boundary conditions in the theory of gravitation. Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. 6 (1958a) 407-412.
 
[49]  Trautmann, A. On Gravitational Radiation Damping. Bull. L’Acad. Polon. Sci. 6 (1958b) 627-633.
 
[50]  Penrose, R. Republication of: Conformal treatment of infinity. General relativity and gravitation 43. Springer (2011) 901-922.
 
[51]  Robinson, I; Trautmann, A. Spherical gravitational waves. Phys. Rev. Lett. 4 (1960) 431-432.
 
[52]  Robinson, I; Trautmann, A. Some spherical gravitational waves in general relativity. Proc. R. Soc. London A 265 (1962) 463-473.
 
[53]  Hawking, S.; Penrose, R. The singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 314 (1970) 529-548.
 
[54]  Hawking, S.; Ellis, G. F. R. The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time. Cambridge University Press (1973).
 
[55]  Penrose, R. A spinor approach to general relativity. Ann. Phys. NY 10 (1960) 171-201.
 
[56]  Penrose, R. Spinors and torsion in general relativity. Found. Phys. 13 (1983) 325-33.
 
[57]  Hawking, S.; Penrose, R. The singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 314 (1970) 529-548.