Comparative Assessment of Mixed Biodiesel and Commercial Diesel on a Dual Fuel Mode Generator

Kirby Christian C. Micayabas^1, , Deckson R. Tingalan¹, Kingman N. Pacturan¹, Dave Joaquin B. Singgil¹, Ian Jay P. Saldo¹, Rolando Y. Casas¹ and Mary Jade Peñafiel-Dandoy¹

¹Integrated Basic Education Department, San Isidro College, Impalambong, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, 8700 Philippines

Cite this paper:
Kirby Christian C. Micayabas, Deckson R. Tingalan, Kingman N. Pacturan, Dave Joaquin B. Singgil, Ian Jay P. Saldo, Rolando Y. Casas and Mary Jade Peñafiel-Dandoy. Comparative Assessment of Mixed Biodiesel and Commercial Diesel on a Dual Fuel Mode Generator. American Journal of Energy Research. 2023; 11(3):117-127. doi: 10.12691/ajer-11-3-3

Abstract

Biodiesel is a renewable and sustainable fuel generated from a variety of feedstocks, including soybean oil, canola oil, and used motor oil. It has been widely acknowledged as a promising alternative to diesel fuel derived from petroleum because of its lower greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact. In addition, blending various varieties of biodiesel can improve fuel properties, including these physical and chemical properties. This study compared through a thorough evaluation and assessment of the different properties of mixed biodiesel and commercial diesel. It was compared in terms of physical properties: viscosity and density, and chemical properties: pH level, corrosion test, and amount of particle matter determined using gravimetric testing. The study used research and development with a quantitative design focused on the experimental approach. Results revealed that the viscosity values of the mixed biodiesel had an overall mean of 5.68, while commercial diesel had a value of 4.56. For the density, the Mixed Biodiesel attained an overall mean of 0.843 while the commercial diesel yielded 0.83. Furthermore, in their pH level testing, the Mixed Biodiesel yielded an overall value of 8.80, while the commercial diesel got an overall mean of 9.46. For their corrosion test, the three samples of mixed biodiesel passed the ASTM D130 rating in which it garnered the degree of 1b (Slight tarnish), while the commercial diesel garnered 1a, which is still in the classification of Slight tarnish. In addition, for the particle matter, the mixed biodiesel yielded an overall mean of 1.801, while the commercial diesel only had 0.636. T-tests revealed that there were no significant difference on the physical and chemical properties of mixed biodiesel and commercial diesel. Further studies regarding the different physical and chemical properties are recommended for future contribution to the body of knowledge.

Keywords:
canola oil chemical properties commercial diesel gravimetric testing mixed biodiesel particle matter physical properties used engine oil

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Prasad, R., & Singh, R. (2010). Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends of Karanja methyl ester and diesel. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(5), 634-639.
[2]	Rakopoulos, C. D., Antonopoulos, K. A., Rakopoulos, D. C., Hountalas, D. T., Giakoumis, E. G., & Andritsakis, E. C. (2006). Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection diesel engine using blends of diesel fuel with vegetable oils or biodiesels of various origins. Energy Conversion and Management, 47(18), 3272-3287.
[3]	Saravanan, C. G., Nagarajan, G., & Sampath, S. (2012). Performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine using blended biodiesel (cashew nutshell oil) and diesel as fuel. Fuel, 92(1), 272-282.
[4]	Ge, J., Yoon, S., & Choi, N. (2017). Using Canola Oil Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel in Diesel Engines: A Review. Applied Sciences, 7(9), 881.
[5]	Kopp, O. C. (2023). Fossil fuel | Meaning, Types, & Uses. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/fossil-fuel.
[6]	Howarth, J. (2019). When will fossil fuels run out? Octopus Energy. https://octopus.energy/blog/when-will-fossil-fuels-run-out/#:~:text= Fossil%20fuels%20are%20non%2Drenewable,wait%20for%20more%20to%20formed.
[7]	Letcher, T. M. (2018). Why Solar Energy? Elsevier EBooks, 3–16.
[8]	Go, A. W., Conag, A. T., Igdon, R. M. B., Toledo, A. S., & Malila, J. S. (2019). Potentials of agricultural and agro-industrial crop residues for the displacement of fossil fuels: A Philippine context. Energy Strategy Reviews, 23, 100–113.
[9]	Roxas, P. C. M., Sabularse, J. B., & Mamucod, J. N. (2022). Prospects and challenges for green hydrogen production and utilization in the Philippines. Renewable Energy, 185, 732-742.
[10]	Saluja, R. K., Kumar, V., & Sham, R. (2016). Stability of biodiesel – A review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 866–881.
[11]	Yan, Y. (2016). Biodiesel. Elsevier EBooks, 245–250.
[12]	Shimasaki, C. D. (2014). Understanding Biotechnology Product Sectors. Biotechnology Entrepreneurship.
[13]	Viswanathan, B. (2017). Petroleum. Elsevier EBooks, 29–57.
[14]	Ciolkosz, D. (2020). What’s so different about biodiesel fuel? Elsevier EBooks, 739–744.
[15]	Wang, J., Xu, J., Zhang, M., & Liu, X. (2017). Viscosity characteristics of biodiesel and diesel blends with different blending ratios and feedstocks. Fuel, 214, 51-58.
[16]	Uğuz, G., Atabani, A. E., Mohammed, M. N., Shobana, S., Uğuz, S., Kumar, G., & Al-Muhtaseb, A. H. (2019). Fuel stability of biodiesel from waste cooking oil: A comparative evaluation with various antioxidants using FT-IR and DSC techniques. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 101283.
[17]	Biodiesel. (2017). U.S. Canola Association. https://www.uscanola.com/biodiesel/biodiesel/#:~:text=Canola%20oil%20is%20one%20of, oil's%20low%20saturated%20fat%20content.
[18]	Lundgren, T., & Marklund, P. (2013). Economics of Biofuels: An Overview*. Elsevier EBooks, 184–187.
[19]	Kumar, S. S., Basha, S. K., & Kumar, P. R. (2019). Production, performance, and emission characteristics of sunflower and cottonseed oil-based biodiesel blends. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(17), 17241-17251.
[20]	Çelebi, H., & Aydin, H. (2018). Kinetics of transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. Fuel Processing Technology, 172, 71-77.
[21]	Maceiras, R., Maceiras, R., & Morales, F. (2017). Recycling of waste engine oil for diesel production. Waste Management, 60, 351–356.
[22]	Seraç, Ö., Özbay, N., & Uysal, B. Z. (2020). Optimization of the direct mixing method for the preparation of nano-sized doped titania powders. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 93, 129-137.
[23]	University of Colorado Boulder. (2017). Measuring viscosity. www.teachengineering.org. https://www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_surg_lesson03_activity1.
[24]	Ather, S. (2020, December 22). How to measure the density of gasoline. Sciencing. https://sciencing.com/measure-density-gasoline-5515385.html.
[25]	Passman, F. (2018). Fuel & fuel system microbiology part 11 –test methods – bottom sample chemical tests - Biodeterioration Control Associations, Inc. Biodeterioration Control Associations, Inc. https://biodeterioration-control.com/microbial-damage-fuel-systems-hard-detect-part-11-test-methods-bottom-sample-chemical-tests/.
[26]	Bennett, J. (2014). Advanced fuel additives for modern internal combustion engines. Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance, 165–194.
[27]	Sahoo, P.K. (2007). Comparative evaluation of viscosity, density, and heating value of biodiesel–diesel–ethanol and biodiesel–diesel–methanol blends. Renewable Energy, 32(7), 1281-1293.
[28]	Kegl, B., Jereb, B., & Merkun, J. (2015). Influence of fuel viscosity on fuel injection process in diesel engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 90, 373-382.
[29]	Ghorbani, B., Karim, G. A., & Abdullah, B. (2014). A review of the effects of biodiesel on a diesel engine, emissions, and performance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 28-39.
[30]	Bala, A. (2020). Effect of Viscosity on Combustion of Diesel Fuel. Journal of Power Technologies, 100(1), 1-9.
[31]	Myers, T. (2019). How Engine Oil Viscosity Works. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/how-to/a3129/how-engine-oil-viscosity-works-2592/.
[32]	Alptekin, E., & Canakci, M. (2009). Characterization of crude cottonseed oil and biodiesel produced from it. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(1), 113-120.
[33]	Sahoo, P.K. (2007). Comparative evaluation of viscosity, density, and heating value of biodiesel–diesel–ethanol and biodiesel–diesel–methanol blends. Renewable Energy, 32(7), 1281-1293.
[34]	Kegl, B., Jereb, B., & Merkun, J. (2015). Influence of fuel viscosity on fuel injection process in diesel engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 90, 373-382.
[35]	Ghorbani, B., Karim, G. A., & Abdullah, B. (2014). A review of the effects of biodiesel on a diesel engine, emissions, and performance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 28-39.
[36]	Bala, A. (2020). Effect of Viscosity on Combustion of Diesel Fuel. Journal of Power Technologies, 100(1), 1-9.
[37]	Myers, T. (2019). How Engine Oil Viscosity Works. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/how-to/a3129/how-engine-oil-viscosity-works-2592/.
[38]	Alptekin, E., & Canakci, M. (2009). Characterization of crude cottonseed oil and biodiesel produced from it. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(1), 113-120.
[39]	Kaiser, M.J., & McAllister, E.W. (2023). Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook. Elsevier EBooks, 1089-1146.
[40]	National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2005). Biodiesel density. NREL Technical Report NREL/TP-510-37692. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37692.pdf
[41]	Canakci, M. (2012). Biodiesel production and properties. In Handbook of Biofuels Production (pp. 85-122). Woodhead Publishing.
[42]	Silitonga, A. S., Masjuki, H. H., Mahlia, T. M. I., & Chong, W. T. (2017). Physical properties of biodiesel and their effect on combustion in diesel engines: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 353-368.
[43]	Knothe, G. (2008). "Designer" biodiesel: Optimizing fatty ester composition to improve fuel properties. Energy & Fuels, 22(2), 1358-1364.
[44]	Sarin, A., Arora, R., Singh, N. P., & Sarin, R. (2012). Properties and use of jatropha curcas biodiesel and diesel fuel blend in compression ignition engine. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 4(3), 033103.
[45]	American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (2016). ASTM D6751-16a: Standard specification for biodiesel fuel blend stock (B100) for middle distillate fuels. ASTM International.
[46]	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2016). Clean diesel standards and highway diesel fuel sulfur control requirements. EPA Fact Sheet. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/fs-2016-09-highway-diesel-fuel.pdf.
[47]	Alptekin, E., Canakci, M., & Sanli, H. (2010). Biodiesel from vegetable oil via transesterification in supercritical methanol. Energy conversion and management, 51(9), 1830-1837.
[48]	Sharma, Y. C., Singh, B., & Korstad, J. (2008). Thermo-physical properties, performance and emission analysis of biodiesel–diesel blends. Fuel processing technology, 89(5), 503-511.
[49]	Sarin, A., Arora, R., Singh, N. P., & Sarin, R. (2012). Properties and use of jatropha curcas biodiesel and diesel fuel blend in compression ignition engine. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 4(3), 033103.
[50]	Haas, M. J., McAloon, A. J., Yee, W. C., & Foglia, T. A. (2006). A process model to estimate biodiesel production costs. Bioresource Technology, 97(4), 671-678.
[51]	Joshi, H., De, S., & Ghosh, D. (2018). Effect of water washing on the physical and chemical properties of diesel. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 50-53.
[52]	Rahman, M.S., and Hasan M.M. (2009). "A comprehensive review on the properties of biodiesel and its blends with diesel from palm oil." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 1628-1634, 2009.
[53]	Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., Holler, F.J., & Crouch, S.R. (2014). Fundamentals of analytical chemistry. Boston: Brooks/Cole.
[54]	Szybist, J. P., McCormick, R. L., & Taylor, J. D. (2010). Acid number measurement in biodiesel and biodiesel blends. Fuel, 89(9), 2489-2494.
[55]	US Department of Energy. (2014). Biodiesel handling and use guide. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f13/biodiesel_handling_and_use_guide_fourth_edition.pdf.
[56]	Wang, X., Zhao, J., Xu, Y., Zhang, J., and Liu, H. (2018). Characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 and their association with environmental factors in a heavily polluted city in Northern China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(28), 28379-28391.
[57]	Sahoo, P. K., Das, L. M., & Babu, M. K. G. (2010). Comparative study of the physicochemical properties of biodiesel synthesized from various renewable feedstocks. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(2), 891-899.
[58]	Smith, J., Jones, R., Brown, K., & Johnson, M. (2010). Copper corrosion of biodiesel and diesel fuel blends. Journal of Energy Engineering, 136(2), 53-60.
[59]	Pham, H., Hasegawa, S., & Fujimoto, H. (2015). Copper corrosion of diesel-biodiesel blends under simulated storage conditions. Fuel, 159, 792-796.
[60]	United Nations Environment Programme. (2019). Air Quality Guidelines: Global Update 2005. World Health Organization.
[61]	Wang, Y., Zhang, S., & Liu, Y. (2018). Characterization of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel produced using a two-step catalytic process. Fuel, 221, 443-449.