Apple Cider Vinegar (as a Prophetic Medicine Remedy) Exerts Tissue-protective Effects in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes in Animals

Nassar Ayoub Abdellatif Omar^{1, 2}, Amal Nor Edeen Ahmad Allithy^{3, 4}, Nahed Mohammed Hablas⁵, Ahmed Ragab Fakhreldin⁶, Reham Abelsalam Mariah⁷, Ahmed Osama Hammouda⁸, Mongi Ayat⁹, Sayed Mostafa¹⁰, Mostafa Abu-el Naga^{11, 12} and Salah Mohamed El Sayed^{13, 14,}

¹Department of Anatomy, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt

²Department of Anatomy, Al-Rayyan Medical College, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia

³Department of Pathology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt

⁴Department of Pathology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia

⁵Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt

⁶Department of Pediatrics, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Egypt

⁷Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tanta Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Cairo, Egypt

⁸Internship Program, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

⁹Division of Hematology, Taibah Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia

¹⁰0Division of Cell Biology, Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, Egypt

¹¹1Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh branch, King Abul-Aziz University, Saudi Arabia

¹²2Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Al-Azhar University, Egypt

¹³3Division of Molecular Medicine, Taibah Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia

¹⁴4Division of Molecular Medicine, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt

Cite this paper:
Nassar Ayoub Abdellatif Omar, Amal Nor Edeen Ahmad Allithy, Nahed Mohammed Hablas, Ahmed Ragab Fakhreldin, Reham Abelsalam Mariah, Ahmed Osama Hammouda, Mongi Ayat, Sayed Mostafa, Mostafa Abu-el Naga and Salah Mohamed El Sayed. Apple Cider Vinegar (as a Prophetic Medicine Remedy) Exerts Tissue-protective Effects in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes in Animals. American Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2018; 6(1):9-16. doi: 10.12691/ajcp-6-1-3

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) was reported to be related to occurrence of both biochemical and histopathological changes in hepatic tissue. DM-induced tissue damage and decreased immunity may favor carcinogenesis and tumor development in pediatric practice and adults. In this study, we aimed at investigating the hepatoprotective and tissue-protective effects of apple cider vinegar (ACV) against DM-induced hepatic derangements over a relatively long period (30 days). Effects were evaluated using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM in rats as an experimental model. Materials and methods: DM was experimentally caused by injecting one dose of STZ (65 mg/kg given through intraperitoneal injection. Thirty wistar rats were categorized into three experimental groups: control group, STZ-treated group and STZ plus ACV treated group 2 ml/kg BW). Animals were sacrificed 30 days post treatment. Results: Our study revealed that ACV administration induced hepatoprotective effects in diabetic rats. Biochemically, ACV reduced significantly serum glycemic values (glucose, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol while high density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased). STZ-induced DM in rats was associated with marked fatty changes hepatocytes cytoplasm evidenced by accumulation of lipid droplets and inflammatory changes e.g. lymphocytic infiltration. That was confirmed by Electron microscopic evaluation that showed aggregations of polymorphic mitochondria, loss of mitochondrial cristae and condensed mitochondrial matrices. Hepatocytes cytoplasm showed vacuolations with a large number of variable-sized lipid droplets. Hepatocytes rough endoplasmic reticulum got distorted and fragmented into smaller stacks. ACV proved effective in reversing all these metabolic changes. ACV-treated hepatocytes exhibited minimal STZ-induced toxic effects. ACV enhanced recovery of the injured hepatocytes and normalized serum biochemical values. In prophetic medicine, Prophet Muhammad (Allah's apostle peace be upon him) strongly advised eating vinegar and considered it as the best edible as narrated in the prophetic hadith: "vinegar is the best edible". Conclusion: ACV is promising as a food additive or as a part of diet in diabetic patients particularly in early stages of DM. ACV slows down DM progress and causes hepatoprotection against the metabolic damages resulting from STZ- induced diabetes mellitus

Keywords:
Streptozotocin diabetes mellitus apple cider vinegar liver rat

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figures

References:

[1]	Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, and King H (2004). Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care, 27(5): 1047-1053.
[2]	Greenbaum C J and Harrison L C (2008). Diabetes: Translating research into practice. don: Informal Healthcare, 2-1P.
[3]	Ghosh S and Surawanshi S A (2001). Effect of Vinca rosea extracts in treatment of alloxan diabetes in male albina rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 8: 748-759.
[4]	Xuemei G, Hai- Lu, Jing G, Juliana C N and Peter C Y T (2012). White rice vinegar improves pancreatic beta- cell function and fatty liver in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Acta Diabetol., 49: 185-191.
[5]	Keith G, Tolman M D, Fonseca A V, Meng H and Dalpiaz A (2004). Narrative Review. Hepatobiliary disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141:946-952.
[6]	Chattopadhyay S M, Ramanathan J D and Bhattacharya S (1997). Animal models in experimentals diabetes mellitus. Indian J. Exp. Bio., 35: 1141-1145.
[7]	Weir GC, Clore ET, Zmachinski CJ and Bonner Weir (1981). Islet secretion in a new experiment model for non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes, 30: 590-595.
[8]	Arkkila P E, Koskinen P J, Kantola I M, Ronnemaa T, Seppanen E & Viikari J S (2001). Diabetic complications are associated with liver enzyme activities in people with type-1 diabetes. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 52(2): 113-8.
[9]	Dorr R T & Fritz W L (1980). Cancer chemotherapy. London, Kinapton, pp. 632-7.
[10]	Magee P N & Swann P F (1969). Nitroso compounds. Br. Med. Bull., 25: 240-4.
[11]	Merzouk H, Madani S, Chabane S D, Prost J, Bouchenak M & Belleville J (2000). Time course of changes in serum glucose, insulin, lipids and tissue lipase activities in macrosomic offspring of rats with Streptozotocin induced diabetes. Clin. Sci., 98(1): 21-30.
[12]	Piyachaturawat P, Poprasit J & Glinsukon T (1990). Gastric mucosal secretions and lesions by different doses of Streptozotocin in rats. Toxicol. Let., 55:21-9.
[13]	Hlebowicz J, Darwiche G, Bjorgell O, Almer LO (2007). Effect of apple cider vinegar on delayed gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study. BMC Gastroenterol., 7:46.
[14]	Vijayakumar C, Wolf-Hall CE (2002). Evaluation of household sanitizers for reducing levels of Escherichia coli on iceberg lettuce. J Food Prot., 65:1646-1650.
[15]	Wolman PG (1987). Management of patients using unproven regimens for arthritis. J Am Diet Assoc., 87:1211-1214.
[16]	Eddouks M, Maghrani M, and Michel J (2005). Hypoglycaemic effect of Triticum repens P. Beauv. in normal and diabetic rats, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 102(2): 228-232.
[17]	Wieland H and Seidel D (1983). A Simple specific method for precipitation of low density lipoprotein. Journal of Lipid Research, 24 (7): 904-909.
[18]	Reitman S and Frankal S (1957). A calorimetric method for determination of serum AST. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 18: 26.
[19]	Bancroft J D & Gamble M (2002). Theory and practice of histological techniques.5 Ed. Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone Pub., pp 172-5, pp 593-620.
[20]	Dykstra M J, Mann P C, Elwell M R and Ching S V (2002). Suggested operating procedures (SOPs) for the preparation of electron microscopy samples for toxicology / pathology studies in a GLP environment. Toxicol. Pathol., 30:735-743.
[21]	Snedecor GW and Cochran WG (1967). Statistical methods. 6th Edition, the Iowa State University Press, Ames.
[22]	Ogawa N, Satsu H, Watanobe H, Fukay M, Tsukamoto Y, Miyamoto Y and Shimizu M (2000). Acetic acid suppresses the increase in disaccharides activity that occurs during culture of caco-2- cells. Journal of Nutrition, 130: 507-513.
[23]	O’Keefe J H, Gheewaha N M, Joan M S and O’Keefe D (2008). Dietary strategies for improving post- prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 51 (3). 249-255.
[24]	Fushimi T, Suruga K, Oshima Y, Fukiharu M, Tsukamoto Y and Goda T (2006). Dietary acetic reduced serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols in rats fed a cholesterol rich diet. British Journal of Nutrition, 95 (5): 916- 924.
[25]	Johnston C S, Kim C M and Buller A J (2004). Vinegar improves insulin sensitivity to a high carbohydrate meal in subjects with insulin resistance or type-2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 27: 281-282.
[26]	McRac M P (2008). Vitamin C supplementation lowers serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides: a meta- analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials. Journal Chiropractic Medicine, 7 (2): 48-58.
[27]	Yamashita H, Fujisaw K, Ito E, Idei S, Kawaguchi N, Kimoto M, Hiemori M And Tsuji H (2007). Improvement of obesity and glucose tolerance by acetate in Type-2 diabetic otsuka Long- Evans Tokushiwa Fatty (OLETF) rats. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 17: 123, 6-1243.
[28]	Moon Y J, Choi D S, Oh S H, Song Y S and Cha Y S (2010). Effects of persimmon- vinegar on lipid and carnitine profiles in Mice. Food Science and Biotechnology, 19 (2): 343-348.
[29]	Saeed M K, Deng Y & Dai R (2008). Attenuation of Biochemical Parameters in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rat by Oral Administration of Extracts and Fractions of Cephalotaxus sinensis. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 42:21-8.
[30]	Merzouk H, Madani S, Chabane S D, Prost J, Bouchenak M & Belleville J (2000). Time course of changes in serum glucose, insulin, lipids and tissue lipase activities in macrosomic offspring of rats with Streptozotocin induced diabetes. Clin. Sci., 98(1): 21-30.
[31]	Bopanna KN, Kannan J, Sushma G, Balaraman R and Rathod SP (1997). Antidiabetic and antihyperlipaemic effects of neem seed kernel powder on alloxan diabetic rabbits. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 29(3): 162-167.
[32]	Sakr S M I (2010). Histological and ultrastructural studies on the effect of diclofenac sodium on the liver of hyperlipidemic male albino rats. Egypt. J. Zool., 54:77-96.
[33]	Prasad S K, Alka Kulshreshtha and Taj N Qureshi (2009). Antidiabetic activity of some herbal plants in Streptozotocin induced diabetic albino rat. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8 (5): 551-557.
[34]	Muslim Alqushiry& Sahih Muslim (2004). Sayings of the Prophet. Berut, Hadeeth no. 2051, Asria library.
[35]	Mota AC, de Castro RD, de Araújo Oliveira J, de Oliveira Lima E . Antifungal Activity of Apple Cider Vinegar on Candida Species Involved in Denture Stomatitis.J Prosthodont. 2015 Jun; 24(4): 296-302.
[36]	O'Keefe JH, Gheewala NM, O'Keefe JO. Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Jan 22; 51(3): 249-55.