Evaluating the Disease Burden Linked with Short-term Exposure to Atmospheric Coarse Particles (PM₁₀) in the City of Midnapore in West Bengal, India from 2019 to 2020: A Case Study

Samiran Rana^1,

¹Department of Physiology, Shri J.J.T University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan-333001, India

Cite this paper:
Samiran Rana. Evaluating the Disease Burden Linked with Short-term Exposure to Atmospheric Coarse Particles (PM₁₀) in the City of Midnapore in West Bengal, India from 2019 to 2020: A Case Study. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 2021; 9(12):1018-1023. doi: 10.12691/aees-9-12-5

Abstract

Atmospheric coarse particles (PM₁₀) are 2.5 to 10 microns in diameter; the major contributor to urban as well as rural atmospheric pollution. The primary sources of atmospheric coarse particles (PM₁₀) are agricultural products (soil and organic carbon), traffic re-suspension (road dust), burning of domestic fuels, industrial combustion products (elemental carbon), construction, and mining products. Short-term and long-term exposure to inhaled atmospheric coarse particles (PM₁₀) plays many detrimental roles in human health and also health damage; directly or indirectly affecting vital organs/systems in the human body (mainly the cardiopulmonary system). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the disease burden by estimating relative risk (based on each current annual PM₁₀ concentration obtained from each air monitoring station by using Plantower particulate matter sensor in Midnapore city), the attributable fraction of deaths, and the expected number of deaths due to short-term exposure to PM₁₀ for all-cause of all ages. This study included the required annual PM₁₀ concentrations (μg/m³) for Midnapore city in 2019 and 2020 (collected by using Plantower particulate matter sensor PMS3003, and PMS5003), PM₁₀ exposed population data (collected from Midnapore municipality), and death data for the concerned city (which was collected from the Health Ministry, Government of West Bengal). The percentage of increased risk of death per 10 μg/m³ of exposure to PM₁₀ is 0.8% (better to use a 95% confidence interval to eliminate statistical uncertainty) standardized by Bart Ostro (2004) expressed as a concentration-response coefficient (β) under the concentration-response functions, which is used to estimate the relative risk (RR) from PM₁₀ exposure. The results of the RR estimate the attributable fraction of death. The expected number of deaths due to short-term exposure to PM₁₀ is estimated by multiplying baseline mortality (deaths/person/year) and exposed population with AF results. The results show that the annual average PM₁₀ concentration (μg/m³) exceeded both WHO guidelines and India's NAAQSs in Midnapore city in the corresponding years. The results show that the expected number of premature deaths linked with short-term exposure to PM₁₀ ranged from 42 to 69 per year. To reduce the burden of PM₁₀ disease in the coming days, it is imperative to adopt the necessary policies to control the main source of particulate emissions in the respective cities.

Keywords:
atmospheric coarse particles (PM₁₀) relative risk attributable fraction death rate short-term exposure Midnapore city

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	WHO, “Global Health Risks,” 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf.
[2]	O. C. K. K. Hagan et al., “vaccination against hepatitis B in Ghana : A pilot study,” J. Public Health Africa, vol. 9, pp. 1-4, 2018.
[3]	C. Zaharia, “Particulate matter ( settled particles , coarse PM10 , fine PM2 . 5 or PM1 , ultrafine particles ) in urban atmosphere : characteristics , quality control and health effects Chapter 10 Particulate matter ( settled particles , coarse PM 10 , fine PM 2.5),” vol. 2741, no. 31, 2016.
[4]	ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Airborne Particulate Matter Sources, Atmospheric Processes and Health. 2016.
[5]	T. E. C. science and knowledge Service, “Urban air pollution - what are the main sources across the world? | EU Science Hub,” EU SCIENCE HUB, 2015. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/what-are-main-sources-urban-air-pollution (accessed Oct. 01, 2021).
[6]	W. H. O. R. O. for E. & J. W. T. F. on the H. A. of A. P. (‎2006)‎., “Health risks of particulate matter from long-range transboundary air pollution Title,” WHO Regional Office for Europe., 2006. [Online]. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/107691.
[7]	C. on the Significance of International Transport of Air Pollutants and N. Research Council, Committee on the Significance of International Transport of Air Pollutants Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Division on Earth and Life Studies Global SourceS of local pollution An Assessment of Long-Range Transport of Key Air Pollutants to and fr. The national academies press, 2010.
[8]	Y. Liu, Y. Zhou, and J. Lu, “Exploring the relationship between air pollution and meteorological conditions in China under environmental governance,” Sci. Rep., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2020.
[9]	R. Jayamurugan, B. Kumaravel, S. Palanivelraja, and M. P. Chockalingam, “Influence of Temperature, Relative Humidity and Seasonal Variability on Ambient Air Quality in a Coastal Urban Area,” Int. J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 2013, pp. 1-7, 2013.
[10]	N. Fann et al., “Air Quality İmpacts,” U.S. Glob. Chang. Res. Progr., pp. 69-98, 2016.
[11]	R. El Morabet, Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution on Human Health, 2nd ed. Elsevier Inc., 2018.
[12]	E. Science, Urban Airborne Particulate Matter: Origin, Chemistry, Fate and Health Impacts (Google eBook). Springer International Publishing, 2010.
[13]	K. H. Kim, E. Kabir, and S. Kabir, “A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter,” Environ. Int., vol. 74, pp. 136-143, 2015.
[14]	A. Zanobetti and J. Schwartz, “The effect of fine and coarse particulate air pollution on mortality: A national analysis,” Environ. Health Perspect., vol. 117, no. 6, pp. 898-903, 2009.
[15]	B. Ostro, A. Prüss-üstün, D. Campbell-lendrum, C. Corvalán, and A. Woodward, “Outdoor air pollution: Assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels,” World Heal. Organ. Prot. Hum. Environ. Geneva, no. Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No. 5, 2004.
[16]	P. Orellano et al., “Short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), and ozone (O 3) and all-cause and cause-specific mortality : Systematic review and meta -analysis,” Environ. Int., vol. 142, no. June, p. 105876, 2020.
[17]	T. Zheng et al., “Field evaluation of low-cost particulate matter sensors in high-and low-concentration environments,” Atmos. Meas. Tech., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 4823-4846, 2018.
[18]	F. M. J. Bulot et al., “Long-term field comparison of multiple low-cost particulate matter sensors in an outdoor urban environment,” Sci. Rep., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2019.
[19]	K. E. Kelly et al., “Ambient and laboratory evaluation of a low-cost particulate matter sensor,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 221, pp. 491-500, 2017.
[20]	K. Brzozowski, A. Maczyński, and A. Ryguła, “Monitoring road traffic participants’ exposure to PM10 using a low-cost system,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 728, 2020.
[21]	“Sensing the Air Quality: Research on Air Quality Sensors.” https://aqicn.org/sensor/ (accessed Oct. 03, 2021).
[22]	T. Sayahi, A. Butterfield, and K. E. Kelly, “Long-term field evaluation of the Plantower PMS low-cost particulate matter sensors,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 245, pp. 932-940, 2019.
[23]	M. Desai, “West bengal,” Routledge Handb. Indian Polit., vol. 2018, no. March 2016, pp. 291-297, 2013.
[24]	J. Schwartz, D. W. Dockery, and L. M. Neas, “Is Daily Mortality Associated Specifically with Fine Particles?,” J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 927-939, 1996.
[25]	J. Schwartz, “Assessing confounding, effect modification, and thresholds in the association between ambient particles and daily deaths,” Environ. Health Perspect., vol. 108, no. 6, pp. 563-568, 2000.
[26]	R. T. Burnett et al., “ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PARTICULATE-AND GAS-PHASE COMPONENTS OF URBAN AIR POLLUTION AND DAILY MORTALITY IN EIGHT CANADIAN CITIES Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, and Historically, extreme air pollution events, such as those exper,” vol. 12, no. February, pp. 15-39, 2000.
[27]	K. Katsouyanni et al., “Confounding and effect modification in the short-term effects of ambient particles on total mortality: Results from 29 European cities within the APHEA2 project,” Epidemiology, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 521-531, 2001.
[28]	W. World Health Organization, “WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide: Global update 2005,” pp. 1-21, 2005.
[29]	CPCB, “National Air Quality Standards,” Government Gazette, vol. 534, no. 32816, 24 December 2009. pp. 6-9, 2009.
[30]	CPCB, “National Air Quality Index,” Cent. Pollut. Control Board, no. January, pp. 1-44, 2014.