Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Methanolic Extracts of the Root Bark of Terminalia Avicennioides (Combretaceae)

Issa-Madongo Mathurin^1, , Ngaïssona Paul.^{1, 2,} , Worowounga Xavier¹, Namkona Frederic Armel¹, Ouefio Mboïssio Angelique¹, Saravolia Marinette³, Gbayonnon Eugene¹, Koane Jean Noel^{1, 2} and Syssa-Magalé Jean Laurent¹

¹Laboratory of Architecture, Analysis and Reactivity of Natural Substances (LAARSN), Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Bangui, BP.908 Bangui

²Center for Study and Research in Pharmacopoeia and Traditional African Medicine (CERPHAMETA), University of Bangui, B.P 908 Bangui

³National Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Public Health (LNBCSP)

Cite this paper:
Issa-Madongo Mathurin, Ngaïssona Paul., Worowounga Xavier, Namkona Frederic Armel, Ouefio Mboïssio Angelique, Saravolia Marinette, Gbayonnon Eugene, Koane Jean Noel and Syssa-Magalé Jean Laurent. Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Methanolic Extracts of the Root Bark of Terminalia Avicennioides (Combretaceae). World Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2025; 12(1):1-7. doi: 10.12691/wjoc-12-1-1

Abstract

Terminalia avicennioides is a plant widely used in the Central African Republic for the treatment of numerous pathologies with anti-inflammatory components. The main objective of this study was to identify the chemical constituents and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Terminalia avicennioides root bark extracts. The phytochemical study showed that the methanolic extract was the best extraction solvent with a yield of 21.78%. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, sterols and triterpenes. Quantitative analysis showed that the methanolic extract had a high total phenolic content, i.e. 2149 ± 1391,10 mg EqAG/g Ms. Evaluation of the free radical scavenging capacity of methanolic extracts of Terminala. avicennioides using the DPPH method gave a moderate IC₅₀ value with an R² = 0,75. The antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was studied using the diffusion method. The zone of inhibition, inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extracts on the organisms were evaluated. The methanolic extract inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus with MICs between 0,45-4,00 µg/mL and MBCs between 4,50-22,2 µg/mL. The root bark of T. avicennioides showed significant antibacterial activity due to its high content of polyphenolic compounds.

Keywords:
Terminalia avicennioides chemical characterization antioxidant activity antibacterial activity

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	World Health Organisation, 2000. A report of the consultation meeting on traditional and modern medicine: Harmonizing two approaches, Beijing, China: 22-26.
[2]	Cordell G.A., Colvard M.D., 2005. Some thoughts on the futures of ethnopharmacology, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 100: 5-14.
[3]	Gordon M., Cragg G.M., Newman D.J., Snader K.M., 1997. Natural products in drug discovery and development, Journal of Natural Products 60, pp 52-60.
[4]	Rollinger J.M., Haupt S., Stuppner H., Langer T.J., 2004. Combining ethnopharmacology and virtual screening for lead structure discovery: COX-inhibitors as application example, Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 44: pp480-488.
[5]	Eloff J.N., 1998. Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial components from plants? Journal of Ethnopharmacology 60, pp1-8.
[6]	Cohen M.L., 2000. Changing patterns of infectious disease, Nature 17, pp762-767.
[7]	Amos S., Kolawole E., Akah P., Wambele C., Gamaniel K., 2001. Behavioral effects of the aqueous extract of Guiera senegalensis in mice and rats. International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, 8, pp 356-361.
[8]	Mapi P. (1988). Contribution à l’étude ethnobotanique et analyses chimiques de quelques plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle dans la région de Nkongsamba (Mongo. (Thèse de Doctorat 3ème cycle). Université de Yaoundé, Cameroun, 236 P).
[9]	Baba-Moussa F, Akpagana K, Bouchet P (1999). Antifungal activities of seven West African Combretaceae used in traditional medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol., 66: 335-338.
[10]	Arbonier, M., 2005. Arbres, Arbustes et lianes des Zones Seches d’Afrique de l’Ouest. 1st Edn., CIRAD, National Museum of Natural History, France, pages: 541.
[11]	Mann. A, K. Ibrahim, A. O. Oyewale, J. O. Amupitan, M. O. Fatope, J. I. Okogun. (2012). “Isolation and Elucidation of Three Triterpenoids and Its Antimycobacterial Activty of Terminalia aviccinniodes”. Am. J. Org. Chem. 2, 14-20.
[12]	Mann. A, O.S. Ajiboso, Ajeigbe, S., Gbate, M., Isaiah, S, “Evaluation of the wound healing activity of ethanol extract of Terminalia aviccinniodes root bark on two wound models in rats”. Int. J. Med. Aromat. Plants, 95-100, 2011.
[13]	Onuminya T.O., Shodiya O.E., Olubiyi O.O. (2017). Comparative proximate and phytochemical analysis of leafy vegetables in Lagos, Nigeria. NJPAS 30 (3): 3097–3103.
[14]	Worowounga Xavier., 2016. Identification des molécules bioactives dans les plantes médicinales de la république centrafricaine. Thèse de doctorat université de Bangui (RCA).
[15]	Namkona Armel Frédéric, Bolevane Ouantinam Serge Florent, Moustapha Fatia, Worowounga Xavier, Ngaissona Paul, Koane Jean Noël, Syssa-Magalé Jean-Laurent., 2017. Biological activities and phytochemical analysis of extracts Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr.
[16]	Worowounga X., Rahmani, R., Namkona A.F., Cazaux S., Syssa-magalé J.L., Matondo H., And Bouajila J., 2022. Metabolites Profiling of Manilkara mabokeensis Aubrev Bark and Investigation of Biological Activities”. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry.
[17]	Kouamé T., Siaka S., Kassi A.B., Soro Y., 2021. Determination of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and tannins in young unopened leaves of Piliostigma thonningii (Caesalpiniaceae). International Journal of Biological Chemical Sciences; 15 (1): 97-10.
[18]	Rahul R., Arrivukkarasan S., Anhuradha S., 2022. In Vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Curcuma longa, Acorus calamus and Camellia sinensis. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 13: 750-760.
[19]	Yimta F., Ramond R.S., Francois N., Guy N.S., Jean de Di T., 2014. Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extracts and Hydroethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Terminalia Avicennoides and Sarcocephalus latifolius. Pharmacologia 33: pp199-204.
[20]	Masoko P., Eloff J.N., 2005. The diversity of antifungal compounds of six South African Terminalia species (Combretaceae) determined by bio-autography. African Journal of Biotechnology 4, 1425–1431.
[21]	Moroh J.L.A., Bahi C., Dje K., Loukou Y.G. Guede-Guina F., 2008. Etude de l’activité antibactérienne de l’extrait acétatique (EAC) de Morinda morindoides (Baker) milne red heat (rubiaceae) sur la croissance in vitro des souches d’Escherichia coli. B. Soc. Royale des Sc. de Liège, Liège (Belgique), 77 (4) 44 -61.
[22]	Marmonier A.A., 1990. Introduction aux techniques d’étude des antibiotiques. In Bactériologie Médicale, techniques usuelles, 227-236.
[23]	Mathurin Issa-Madongo, Xavier Worowounga, Paul Ngaïssona, Armel Frédéric Namkona, Eugene Gbayonnon, Olivia Semboli, Fatia Moustapha, Jean-Laurent Syssa-Magalé., 2022. Qualitative, Quantitative Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Study of Root Bark Extracts of Terminalia aviccinniodes from Central African Republic. Research in Plant Sciences, 2022, Vol. 10, (1), 7-11.
[24]	Musa, F.M., Ameh, J.B., Ado, S.A. and Olonitola, O.S., 2016. Evaluation of phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Terminalia aviccinniodes crude extract against selected bacteria from diarrhoeic patients”. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 9(1): 129–137.
[25]	Ndel Famen L.C., Talom. T.B., Tagne R.S., Kamsu T.G., Kodjio N., Lacmata T.S., Gatsing D., 2020. Journal international de recherché en microbiologie. 30(1) pp 1-14, 2020.
[26]	Amri O., Elguiche R., Tahrouch S., Zekhnini A., Hatimi A., 2015. Antifungal and antioxidant activities of some aromatic and medicinal plants from the southwest of Morocco. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 7(7): 672-678.
[27]	Guettaf S., Abidli N., Kariche S., Bellebcir L. et Bouriche H., 2016. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Genista Saharae (Coss. & Dur). Der Pharmacia Lettre 8 (1):50-60.
[28]	Sonogo Y., Guessennd N.K., Trabi H.F., Kouandio N.J., Konan F.K, Bamba M, Danho N., Bakayako A., Yao K., Dosso M., 2016. Evaluation in vitro de l’activité des écorces de tige de Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill. Et Perr. (Combretaceae) sur des bactéries responsables de maladies courantes en Afriques et criblage phytochimique.
[29]	Kouadio N’guessan J., Kone M.W., Guessennd NK, Konan K.F., Moussa B., Yao K, Allagba-Atsain M.R., Tra-Bi F.H., Bakayoko A., Dosso M., 2017. Evaluation de l’activité antibactérienne des feuilles de Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) sur la croissance in-vitro de souches d’entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamases à spectre élargi (EBLSE) et tri phytochimique. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 20(2): 431-440.
[30]	Famen LCN, Talom TB, Tagne RC, Kamsu GT, Kodjo N, et al. (2020). In vitro Antioxidant Actvities annd Effect of Hydroethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Terminalia avicenniodes (Combretaceae) on Salmonella. MR JI 30: 1-14.
[31]	Mann A., Adamu Ku Y., 2014. Antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts of Terminalia avicennioides against fish pathogenic Bacteria 2: 1 pp33-46.
[32]	Fauchere l-L, Avril J-L., 2002. Bactériologie Générale et Médicale. Editions Ellipses: paris
[33]	Kamanzi Atindehou, K., Koné, M., Terreaux, C., Traore, D., Hostettmann, K. and Dosso, M., (2002) Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential of Medicinal Plants from the Ivory Coast. Phytotherapy Research, 16, 497-502.
[34]	Akpomie O.O., Olorungbon S., 2011. Antimicrobial screening of Terminalia avicennoides and Acalypha wilkesiana. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10 (2), pp 180-182.
[35]	ZAREEN S., (2006), Phytochemical studies on Terminalia glaucescens, Pteleopsis hylodendron and related medicinal plants, PhD thesis, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan, 204 p.