Self-rated Health, Physical Activity, Measures of Physical Functioning and Mortality among Older U.S. Adults

Peter D. Hart^{1, 2,}

¹Health Promotion Research, Havre, Montana, USA

²Kinesmetrics Lab, Tallahassee, Florida, USA

Cite this paper:
Peter D. Hart. Self-rated Health, Physical Activity, Measures of Physical Functioning and Mortality among Older U.S. Adults. Journal of Physical Activity Research. 2025; 10(1):75-81. doi: 10.12691/jpar-10-1-9

Abstract

Background: Poor general health, inactivity, and functional limitations are three of the stronger predictors of mortality in older adults. Furthermore, the predictive power of functional limitation can depend on the specific measure assessed. Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine if different measures of physical functioning (PF) can predict mortality independent of self-rated health (SRH) and physical activity (PA). Methods: A baseline sample of 6,173 adults 65+ years of age was included from the 2001-2018 NHANES. An SRH variable was created with categories of excellent/very good, good, fair, and poor. PA status was based on participants reporting either no (inactive) or at least some (active) recreational PA. Seven different PF measures were used and included a 19-item total PF score (PFT), activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), leisure and social activities (LSA), general physical activities (GPA), lower extremity mobility (LEM), and an IRT-derived total PF score (PFIRT). All PF measures were scored so larger values represented greater PF limitation. Seven Cox regression models were employed, each with a different PF measure and adjusted for age, sex, race, income, SRH, PA, BMI, BSI, smoking, alcohol consumption, and chronic disease status. Results: A total of 2,103 deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 10.3 years. Risk of death decreased for 1st (HR=0.70, 0.60-0.82), 2nd (HR=0.77, 0.64-0.93), and 3rd (HR=0.82, 0.72-0.94) PFIRT quartiles (reference: 4th), increased for poor (HR=2.11, 1.51-2.97), fair (HR=1.82, 1.54-2.15), and good (HR=1.20, 1.07-1.35) SRH (reference: excellent/very good), and increased for inactive (HR=1.27, 1.12-1.43) PA status (reference: active). Each PF model saw similar results, less LSA, where LSA lost its predictive ability in light of SRH. Conclusion: These findings indicate that SRH, PA, and PF are robust independent predictors of all-cause mortality in older adults.

Keywords:
Physical activity Self-rated health Physical functioning Mortality Gerontology

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