Journal of Finance and Economics
ISSN (Print): 2328-7284 ISSN (Online): 2328-7276 Website: https://www.sciepub.com/journal/jfe Editor-in-chief: Suman Banerjee
Open Access
Journal Browser
Go
Journal of Finance and Economics. 2022, 10(1), 13-19
DOI: 10.12691/jfe-10-1-3
Open AccessArticle

The Effect of External Conflicts on the Economic Growth: Evidence from Emerging and Developed Countries

Elham Jafarzadeh1, and He Shuquan2

1International Trade, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

2School of Economics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

Pub. Date: March 08, 2022

Cite this paper:
Elham Jafarzadeh and He Shuquan. The Effect of External Conflicts on the Economic Growth: Evidence from Emerging and Developed Countries. Journal of Finance and Economics. 2022; 10(1):13-19. doi: 10.12691/jfe-10-1-3

Abstract

The current study examined the effect of the external conflicts on the economic growth of countries in both developed and emerging markets. The current study has used data collected from world bank for the period of 1996 to 2016 with a total 128 countries used for the estimation. The results of the regression using the Hausman test showed that external conflicts adversely affected the economic growth of a country. Moreover, GDP growth, employment, inflation rate, gross capital formation economic freedom, trade freedom and business freedom and foreign reserves are found to have a significant and positive influence on the economic growth of a country. Therefore, the improvement of international trade and economic prosperity the countries are required to be devised such strategies that could constrained the external conflicts and bring economic growth in a country.

Keywords:
effect external conflicts economic growth

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]  Błażejowski, M., Kwiatkowski, J. and Gazda, J., (2019). Sources of economic growth: A global perspective. Sustainability, 11(1), p.275.
 
[2]  Ciccone, A. and Jarociński, M., (2010). Determinants of economic growth: will data tell? American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2(4), pp.222-46.
 
[3]  Dunne, J.P., Smith, R.P. and Willenbockel, D., (2005). Models of military expenditure and growth: A critical review. Defense and peace economics, 16(6), pp.449-461.
 
[4]  Koubi, V., (2005).War and economic performance. Journal of Peace Research, 42(1), pp.67-82.
 
[5]  Organski, A.F. and Kugler, J., (1977). The costs of major wars: the phoenix factor. American Political Science Review, 71(4), pp.1347-1366.
 
[6]  Olson, M., (1982). Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth.
 
[7]  Bilson, C., Brailsford, T., Hallett, A. and Shi, J., (2012). The impact of terrorism on global equity market integration. Australian Journal of Management, 37(1), pp.47-60.
 
[8]  Drakos, K. and Kutan, A.M., (2003). Regional effects of terrorism on tourism in three Mediterranean countries. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(5), pp.621-641.
 
[9]  Singh, G., (2012). Changing Media, Changing China by Susan L. Shirk (ed.) Oxford University Press, New York, 2011, 288 pp., ISBN-13 978-0199751976.
 
[10]  Ashby, N.J. and Ramos, M.A., (2013). Foreign direct investment and industry response to organized crime: The Mexican case. European Journal of Political Economy, 30, pp.80-91.
 
[11]  Nitsch, V. and Schumacher, D., (2004). Terrorism and international trade: an empirical investigation. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(2), pp.423-433.
 
[12]  Oetzel, J., Getz, K.A. and Ladek, S., (2007). The role of multinational enterprises in responding to violent conflict: A conceptual model and framework for research. Am. Bus. LJ, 44, p.331.
 
[13]  Esteban, J. and Ray, D., (2011). A model of ethnic conflict. Journal of the European Economic Association, 9(3), pp.496-521.
 
[14]  Collier, P. and Hoeffler, A., (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford economic papers, 56(4), pp.563-595.
 
[15]  Miguel, E., Satyanath, S. and Sergenti, E., (2004). Economic shocks and civil conflict: An instrumental variables approach. Journal of political Economy, 112(4), pp.725-753.
 
[16]  Østby, G., Nordås, R. and Rød, J.K., (2009). Regional inequalities and civil conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Studies Quarterly, 53(2), pp.301-324.
 
[17]  Alesina, A., Baqir, R. and Easterly, W., (1999). Public goods and ethnic divisions. The Quarterly journal of economics, 114(4), pp.1243-1284.
 
[18]  Collier, P. and Hoeffler, A., (1998). On economic causes of civil war. Oxford economic papers, 50(4), pp.563-573.
 
[19]  Easterly, W. and Levine, R., (1997). Africa's growth tragedy: policies and ethnic divisions. The quarterly journal of economics, 112(4), pp.1203-1250.
 
[20]  Fearon, J.D. and Laitin, D.D., (2003). Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American political science review, 97(1), pp.75-90.
 
[21]  Glick, R. and Taylor, A.M., (2010). Collateral damage: Trade disruption and the economic impact of war. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(1), pp.102-127.
 
[22]  Bayer, R. and Rupert, M.C., (2004). Effects of civil wars on international trade, 1950-92. Journal of Peace Research, 41(6), pp.699-713.
 
[23]  Li, Q. and Vashchilko, T., (2010). Dyadic military conflict, security alliances, and bilateral FDI flows. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(5), pp.765-782.
 
[24]  Bussmann, M., (2010). Foreign direct investment and militarized international conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 47(2), pp. 143-153.
 
[25]  Bénassy-Quéré, A., Coupet, M. and Mayer, T., (2007). Institutional determinants of foreign direct investment. World economy, 30(5), pp.764-782.
 
[26]  Murdoch, J. and Sandler, T., (2002). Civil wars and economic growth: A regional comparison. Defense and Peace Economics, 13(6), pp.451-464.
 
[27]  Barro, R.J., (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The quarterly journal of economics, 106(2), pp.407-443.
 
[28]  Imai, K. and Weinstein, J.M., (2000). Measuring the economic impact of civil war. CID Working Paper Series.
 
[29]  Leblang, D. and Satyanath, S., (2006). Institutions, expectations, and currency crises. International Organization, 60(1), pp.245-262.
 
[30]  Sobek, D., (2013). The causes of war. John Wiley & Sons.
 
[31]  Sandler, T., (2010). Terrorism shocks: Domestic versus transnational responses. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 33(10), pp.893-910.
 
[32]  De Groot, O.J., (2010). The spillover effects of conflict on economic growth in neighboring countries in Africa. Defense and peace economics, 21(2), pp.149-164.
 
[33]  Murdoch, J.C. and Sandler, T., (2002). Economic growth, civil wars, and spatial spillovers. Journal of conflict resolution, 46(1), pp.91-110.
 
[34]  Dunne, J.P. and Tian, N., (2013). Military expenditure and economic growth: A survey. The Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 8(1).
 
[35]  Aker, J.C., (2008). Rainfall shocks, markets, and food crises: Evidence from the Sahel. Center for Global Development Working Paper, (157).
 
[36]  Singhania and Saini (2017). Determinants of FPI in Developed and Developing Countries; Global Business Review; Volume: 19 issue: 1, page(s): 187-213.
 
[37]  Byrne, Joseph P. & Fiess, Norbert, (2016). “International capital flows to emerging markets: National and global determinants,” Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 82-100.
 
[38]  Majeed and Ahmad (2006); Determinants of Exports in Developing Countries; The Pakistan Development Review, 2006, vol. 45, issue 4, 1265-1276.
 
[39]  Zada, Muhammad and Bahadar (2011). Determinants of Exports of Pakistan: A Country-wise Disaggregated Analysis; The Pakistan Development Review, vol. 50, issue 4, 715-732.