Isolation of Bacteria from Commonly Used Antiseptic and Disinfectant Solutions in Gondar University Hospital. North West Ethiopia

Teshiwal Deress¹, Mekonnen Girma¹, Wubet Birhan¹, Belete Biadgo¹, Teklay G/cherkos¹ and Agersew Alemu^1,

¹School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Cite this paper:
Teshiwal Deress, Mekonnen Girma, Wubet Birhan, Belete Biadgo, Teklay G/cherkos and Agersew Alemu. Isolation of Bacteria from Commonly Used Antiseptic and Disinfectant Solutions in Gondar University Hospital. North West Ethiopia. American Journal of Nursing Research. 2014; 2(3):44-49. doi: 10.12691/ajnr-2-3-3

Abstract

Background: Antiseptics and disinfectants are chemical agents that inhibit or destroy microorganisms on living tissue (antiseptics) and on inanimate surfaces and objects (disinfectants). These chemical agents have been used extensively in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard surface applications. Objective: The aim this study was to determine bacterial contamination of commonly used antiseptic and disinfectant solutions and to perform antimicrobial susceptibility test of isolates in Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: In this cross sectional study a total of 86 diluted antiseptic and disinfectant samples were collected and assessed for possible bacterial contamination. Isolation of bacterial contaminants was done by culturing for aerobic bacteria on blood and Mac Conkey agar plates using surface plating method. Preliminary identification of bacteria was made based on gram reaction and colony characteristics. Further identification of bacteria was made using a series of biochemical tests then antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates were determined as per the standard procedures using 7 antimicrobial agents. Finally data were calculated manually using scientific calculator. Results: Among 86 samples studied, 3 (3.5%) of them were contaminated by aerobic bacteria. All the bacterial isolates were Klepssilla species (3K. pneumonia and 1 K. ozanae). These bacterial contaminants were isolated from 2 samples of 0.05% bleach and 1 sample of 70% alcohol. All the three isolates of K. pneumonia were multi-drug resistant, while K. ozanaewas sensitive to all antimicrobial agents tested. Conclusion and recommendation: The contamination of diluted antiseptic and disinfectant solutions was as high 3(3.5%). All the bacterial contaminants of these antimicrobial substances were Klebsiellaspecies of which all K. pneumonia species were multidrug resistant that poses a health risk to patients. Periodic assessment of antiseptic and disinfectant solutions for possible microbial contamination should be conducted.

Keywords:
antiseptic disinfectant bacterial contamination drug resistance

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Danchivijtr S., Dhirapputra C., Rongrungruang Y., Nitay S., Varagon V., Microbial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectant. Journal of Medical Association of Thailand. 88(10).133-9. 2005.
[2]	Rutala W., APIC guidelines for selection and use of disinfectants. American journal of infectioncontrol. 23.313-42. 1995.
[3]	Black S.S., Disinfection, sterilization and preservation 4th ed. Philadelphia. LeandFebier. 3-17. 1991.
[4]	Gerland M., Denver R., Antiseptic and disinfectant activity, action and resistance. Clinical Microbial Review. 12(1): 147-9. 1991.
[5]	Alp S., Bacterial resistances to antiseptics and disinfectants. Mikrobiyol Bulletin. 41(1). 155-61. 2007.
[6]	Tswana G., Alica L., Patrica S., Abiodun A., Microbial contamination of disinfectants and antiseptics. Pan American Journal of public health. 14(3):193-9. 2003.
[7]	Dixon R.E., Kaslow R.A., Mackel D.C., Fulkerson C., Mallison G.F., Aqueous quaternary amonium antiseptics and disinfectants. JAMA. 236:2415-17. 1976.
[8]	Ogunsola F.T., Orji B., Oduyebo O.O., Contamination level of in-use disinfectants. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Science. 3(2):111-4. 2002.
[9]	Rutala W.A., Cole E.C., Antiseptic and disinfectant activity. Infection control. 5: 215-18. 1984.
[10]	Rusell A.D., Hugo W.B., Aylffe G.A., Principles and practice of disinfection, preservation and sterilization 3rd ed. Oxford. Blackwell Science. 250-67.
[11]	Center for disease control and prevention. 2007; Health care associated infections. Center for disease control and prevention. Atlanta G A.
[12]	David J, William A, Emily E. Out breaks associated with contaminated antiseptics and disinfectants. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 51(12): 4217-24. 2007.
[13]	EI-Mohamood A.M., Doughari J.H., Bacterial examination of some diluted disinfectants routinely used in the specialist hospital Yola, Nigeria. African Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 3(5): 185-90. 2009.
[14]	Keah K.C., Jegathesan M., Tan S.C., Chan S.H., Chen O.M., Cheong Y.M., Disinfection: gaps between recommended and actual practice. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 26: 795-8. 1995.
[15]	Otokunefor T.V., Usoh C.U., Microbial contamination of in-use disinfectants in small private medical facilities. Scientia Africana. 8(2): 17-25. 2009
[16]	Gaidhal T., Lara A., Sealy P., Adesiyun A.A. Microbial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants. Pan American Journal of public health. 14(3): 193- 200. 2003.
[17]	Chang C.Y., Furlong L.A., Microbial Stowaways in Topical Antiseptic Products. The New England Journal of Medicine. 367:2170-3. 2012.
[18]	Tulu O., Setting up an infection control program in the hospital. Journal of the Nigerian Infection control Association. 2(1):4-8. 1999.
[19]	Robert A.W., Controlling antimicrobial resistance in hospitals: Infection control and use of antibiotics. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 7(2): 188-192. 2001.
[20]	Sangkasuwan S., Yospol P., Efficacy and contami- nation of in-use disinfectants in Rajvithi General. Hospital. Journal of Medical Association of Thailand. 78(1): 36-9. 1995.
[21]	Oie S., Kamiya A., Microbial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants. American Journal of Infecttion control. 24(5): 389-95. 1996.
[22]	Keal K.C., Jesathesaw M., Chaw S.H., Chee O.M., Cheong Y.M., Soleiman A.B., Bacterial contamination of hospital disinfectants. Medical Journal of Malaysia. 50(4): 193-9. 1995.
[23]	Argunwadkar V.P., Bal A.M., Joshi S.A., Kagal A.S., Bharadwaj R.S., Contaminated antiseptics- an unecessary hospital hazared. Indian Journal of Medical Science. 55(7):393-8. 2002.
[24]	Christensen E.A., Jepsen O.B., Kristensen H., Steen G., In-use tests of disinfectants. ActaPatholMicrobiolImmunolScand [B]. 90: 95-100. 1982.
[25]	Olayemi A.B., Obayan Y., Contaminated disinfectants in health clinics in Ilorin, Nigeria. Infection Control of Hospital Epidemiology. 15: 581-2. 1994.
[26]	Chesbrougn M. Manual of MedicalMicrobiology, Oxford Press, Britain, UK, 2000.
[27]	Bauer A.W., Kirby W.M., Sherris J.C., Turck M. “Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method,” The American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 5(4), 493-496. 1966.