The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training Techniques on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression of Depressed Patient

Merfat. M. Atia^1, and Lobna E. Sallam¹

¹Department of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Shebin El-kom, Menufia University, Egypt

Cite this paper:
Merfat. M. Atia and Lobna E. Sallam. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training Techniques on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression of Depressed Patient. American Journal of Nursing Research. 2020; 8(1):103-113. doi: 10.12691/ajnr-8-1-11

Abstract

Depression remains one of the world’s most urgent health problems, affecting an estimated 350 million people. Mindfulness is effective for people suffering from critical depressive symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness training techniques on stress, anxiety, and depression of depressed patients. Design: - Quasi-experimental design (one group pretest-posttest design) was used to achieve the aim of the study. Setting: - The study was conducted at the Psychiatric Hospital in Tanta and The Psychiatric and Addiction Treatment Hospital in Met-Khalf, Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Sample: -A Purposive sample (34) depressed patients that were diagnosed by psychiatrists according to DSM5 were selected; in the chosen setting inpatient clinics. Tools: Data were collected using the depression, anxiety and stress scale. Results: The results revealed that there is a highly statistically significant reduction in stress, anxiety, and depression mean score level among the study group after mindfulness training techniques than before; where p-value (p = 0.001). Also, there is a statistically significant positive correlation between stress and depression level of study group before and after mindfulness training techniques where p-value (p = 0.015, 0.013), respectively. Conclusion: The implementation of mindfulness training techniques with depressed patients has a positive effect on reducing stress, anxiety, and depression levels. Recommendation: Application of mindfulness training techniques for all patients with depression to reduce their stress, anxiety, and depression levels.

Keywords:
depression mindfulness techniques depressed patients

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Bro, M. (2015). Mindfulness-based interventions as a treatment for depression. A literature review.‏
[2]	World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates (No. WHO/MSD/MER/2017.2). World Health Organization.
[3]	Williams, M., Teasdale, J., Segal, Z. &Kabat -Zinn, J. 2010. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy reduces overgeneral autobiographical memory in formerly depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
[4]	Lu, S. (2015). Mindfulness holds promise for treating depression. Monitor on psychology, 46(3), 50.‏
[5]	Forkmann, T., Brakemeier, E., Teismann, T., Schramm, E., & Michalak, J. (2016). The effects of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy added to treatment as usual on suicidal ideation in chronic depression: Results of a randomized-clinical trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 51-57.
[6]	Chiesa A, Serretti A. Mindfulness-based interventions for chronic pain: a systematic review of the evidence. J Altern Complement Med. 2011; 17(1): 83-93.
[7]	Edenfield, T. M., &Saeed, S. A. (2012). An update on mindfulness meditation as a self-help treatment for anxiety and depression. Psychology research and behavior management, 5, 131.
[8]	Ignácio, Z. M., da Silva, R. S., Plissari, M. E., Quevedo, J., &Réus, G. Z. (2019). Physical Exercise and Neuro-inflammation in Major Depressive Disorder. Molecular neurobiology, 1-13.‏
[9]	Al Bahnasy, R. A., Abdel-Rasoul, G. M., Mohamed, O. A., Mohamed, N. R., &Ibrahem, R. A. (2013). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and obsessive–compulsive disorders among secondary school students in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Menoufia Medical Journal, 26(1), 44.
[10]	El-Wasify, Mahmoud A.; El-Boraie, Osama A.; El-Atrony, Mohammed H.; Abdel-Fatah, Abdel-Hady G, et al. The Prevalence and Correlates of Common Mental Disorders in Dakahlia Governorate (Egypt).Egypt. J. Neuro. Psych. Neurosur. 2011; 48: 4: 375-38.
[11]	Amir M, El Gillany A self-reported depression and anxiety by students at an Egyptian Medical School. J Pak Psychiatr. Soc 2010; 7: 71.
[12]	Falsafi, N. (2016). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness versus yoga: Effects on depression and/or anxiety in college students. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 22, 483-497.
[13]	Sipe, W. E. B. &Eisendrath, S. J. 2012. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Theory and Practice. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Vol 57, No 2, February 2012. Accessed on 7th August 2014.
[14]	Mindfulness Training as a Clinical Intervention: A Conceptual and Empirical Review, by Ruth A. Baer, http://www.wisebrain.org/papers/MindfulnessPsyTx.pdf.
[15]	Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York: Bantam Dell. ISBN 978-0345539724.
[16]	Lutz, Antoine; Davidson, Richard J.; Slagter, Heleen A. (2011). "Mental Training as a Tool in the Neuroscientific Study of Brain and Cognitive Plasticity". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 5: 17.
[17]	Gary Deatherage (1975). "The clinical use of "mindfulness" meditation techniques in short-term psychotherapy" (PDF). Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. 7 (2): 133-43.
[18]	U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Public Health. (2011, July). Mindfulness exercise. from http://www.publichealth.va.gov/.
[19]	Hassan H., Hassan S., Baraka M. A Survey of Relationship between Duration of Infertility and Depression among Infertile Women in Beni Suef Governorate. International Journal of Science and Research, 2015; 4(10): 1170-1177
[20]	Www.Beinghappybydesign.com. (2015). Depression Definition. Definition, mental health problem, suffering from depression. May 16. 2015.
[21]	Hassan, H., Bayoumi, M., & Atwa, A. Emotional Distress Associated with Gynecologic and Breast Cancer in Beni-Suef City. International Journal of Science and Research, 2016; 5(2): 1118-1129.
[22]	Nasr E., Hassan H., Sheha E. Psychological Consequences of Hypertensive Disorders among Pregnant Women. Scientific Research Journal, 2016; 4(9): 1-8.
[23]	Hassan H. Infertility profile, psychological ramifications and reproductive tract infection among infertile women, in northern Upper Egypt. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice. 2016; 6(4): 92-108.
[24]	Hassan, H., Sheha, E., & Nasr, E. Level of Stress Among Pregnant Women with Heart Problems. International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH, 2016; 4(7): 220-230.
[25]	Hassan H. Effectiveness of a structured teaching program on anxiety and perception regarding toxoplasmosis among seropositive pregnant women in Northern Upper Egypt. Clinical Nursing Studies. 2018; 6(1): 1-19.
[26]	Hassan H., Said S., Hassanine Sh. Disparities of Prevalence and Causes of Maternal Antenatal Anxiety among Primigravida Pregnant Women in Egypt. American Research Journal of Nursing. 2017; 3(1): 1-15.
[27]	Hassan H., Saber N., Sheha E. Comprehension of Dyspareunia and Related Anxiety among Northern Upper Egyptian women: Impact of Nursing Consultation Context Using PLISSIT Model. Nursing & Care Open Access Journal. 2019; 6(1): 1-19.
[28]	Hassan H., Ahmed W., Mahmoud A. Impact of Tailored Educational Program on Primigravida Anxiety and Knowledge Regarding Minor Discomforts in Upper Egypt. International Journal of Studies in Nursing. 2020; 5(1): 1-16.
[29]	Gamel W., Hassan H., El-ezazy A. Male Infertility and Psychological Repercussions: Α Neglected Problem in Northern Upper Egypt. International Journal of Studies in Nursing, 2019; 4(4): 1-26.
[30]	Page, C., Hooke, R., & Morrison, L. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in depressed clinical samples. Br J Clin Psychol, 46, 283-297.
[31]	Hassan H. Call for psychosocial well-being among pregnant women associated with medical disorder in Beni-Suef governorate. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2016; 5(2): 81-94.
[32]	Nasr E., Hassan H., Sheha E. Psychological Consequences of Hypertensive Disorders among Pregnant Women. Scientific Research Journal, 2016; 4(9): 1-8.
[33]	Hassan H., Mohamed A., Ibrahim M. Depression Symptoms among Diabetic Pregnant Women in Beni-Suef. International Journal of Science and Research, 2016; 5(5): 7-12.
[34]	Parkitny L. & McAuley J. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). Journal of Physiotherapy. 2010; 56 (3): 204. http://www2.psy.unsw.edu.au/dass/over.htm
[35]	Lovibond, S.H. &Lovibond, P.f. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. (2nd Ed) Sydney: Psychology Foundation. 1995.
[36]	Kotb F. Social support, psychological distress and suicidal tendency of depressed patient. Unpublished master thesis. Faculty of nursing, Cairo University. 2007: 170-172.
[37]	Kabat-zinn, j. (1990). Full catastrophe living. The wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New york, NY: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing.
[38]	Blanck, P., Perleth, S., Heidenreich, T., Kröger, P., Ditzen, B., Bents, H., &Mander, J. (2018). Effects of mindfulness exercises as stand-alone intervention on symptoms of anxiety and depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavior research and therapy, 102, 25-35.
[39]	Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 78(2), 169.
[40]	Shearer, A., Hunt, M., Chowdhury, M., &Nicol, L. (2016). Effects of a brief mindfulness meditation intervention on student stress and heart rate variability. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(2), 232.
[41]	Maaly. I. El Malky ,Merfat. M. Atia,Sabah. H. El-Amrosy (2015). The Effectiveness of Stress Management Programme on Depression, Stress, and Anxiety of Depressed Patients.Journal of Nursing Science. 1(2): 15-24.
[42]	Karadag, E., &Solpuk, N. (2018). Relationship Between Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in studies Conducted in Turkey: A Meta-analysis Study. DUSUNEN ADAM-JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES, 31(2), 163-176.‏
[43]	Wada, K., Sairenchi, T., Haruyama, Y., Taneichi, H., Ishikawa, Y., & Muto, T. (2013). Relationship between the onset of depression and stress response measured by the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire among Japanese employees: a cohort study. PLoS One, 8(2), e56319.
[44]	Moghadam, M. B., Moghadam, A. B., &Salehian, T. (2015). Efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on depression in patients with Myocardial Infarction (MI) in a 12-month follow up. Iran J Crit Care Nurs, 7(4), 221-226.‏
[45]	Mona Abd EL Reheem El Nager& Sabah Hassan El-Amrosy (2019); For education as a factor in depression, the result of the present study showed that education difference had no significant effect. This may be due to the lowest sample size.
[46]	Farahani, H. A. Comparing Anxiety, Depression and Sexual Life Satisfaction in Two Groups of Fertile and Infertile Women in Tehran. J. Repro. Infer. 2006; 12(4).
[47]	Akhtar-Danesh, N., &Landeen, J. (2007). Relation between depression and sociodemographic factors. International journal of mental health systems, 1(1), 4.‏
[48]	Buber, I., &Engelhardt, H. (2011). The association between age and depressive symptoms among older men and women in Europe. Findings from SHARE. Comparative Population Studies, 36(1).
[49]	Weiss Wiesel, T. R., Nelson, C. J., Tew, W. P., Hardt, M., Mohile, S. G., Owusu, C., ... & Ramani, R. (2015). The relationship between age, anxiety, and depression in older adults with cancer. Psycho‐Oncology, 24(6), 712-717.
[50]	Khamoushi, F., Ahmadi, S. M., Karami-Matin, B., Ahmadi-Jouybari, T., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Ataee, M., & Mahboubi, M. (2015). Prevalence and socio-demographic characteristics related to stress, anxiety, and depression among patients with major thalassemia in the Kermanshah County. J BiolTodey's World, 4(3), 79-84.‏
[51]	Maaly. E. Elmalky, Gehan. A. Abed, Merfat. M. Atia, Elham. R. Elfiky (2019). Effect of nursing intervention on stress and psychological wellbeing among university nursing students. International Journal of Novel Research in Healthcare and Nursing Vol. 6, Issue 3, pp: (39-51), Month: September - December 2019, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com.