Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Vitamin D Deficiency among Female Adult Attending the Primary Health Clinic at Makkah, Saudi Arabia in 2018

Yehya Ahmed Masi Almalki¹, Haroun Ibrahim Alhosawi², Abdullah Mansour Saeed Alzahrani³, Hassan Owysh Alsolami³, Marwan Lafy Al Harbi², Mohammed Saffer Althebyani^4, , Suliman Khairat Alansaree⁵, Mamduh Lafi Al Harbi³ and Khalid Mansoor Ja'amal⁶

¹Laboratory Specialist, ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

²Laboratory Technician, ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

³Nursing, ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

⁴Resident, ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

⁵Epidemiology Inspector, ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

⁶Epidemiologist, ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Cite this paper:
Yehya Ahmed Masi Almalki, Haroun Ibrahim Alhosawi, Abdullah Mansour Saeed Alzahrani, Hassan Owysh Alsolami, Marwan Lafy Al Harbi, Mohammed Saffer Althebyani, Suliman Khairat Alansaree, Mamduh Lafi Al Harbi and Khalid Mansoor Ja'amal. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Vitamin D Deficiency among Female Adult Attending the Primary Health Clinic at Makkah, Saudi Arabia in 2018. American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine. 2018; 6(2):66-72. doi: 10.12691/ajmsm-6-2-9

Abstract

Background Vitamin D is known to have essential roles in the human body. However, the case of vitamin deficiency is reported to increase in many adult worldwide, especially in Saudi Arabia. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with numerous chronic diseases including cancer, heart disease and diabetes type 1 and 2. It is currently estimated that one billion people suffer from vitamin D deficiency worldwide. A major cause is lack of sun exposure, and this is evident even in countries at mid and low latitudes. Although a high prevalence has been found in Saudi Arabia, little is known to date about the reasons for this. Aim of the study: The study’s aim was to assessment the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards vitamin D deficiency, sun exposure, supplementation in a sample of adult female attending the primary health clinic at Makkah, Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 86 female adult attending to clinic in PHC at Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Validated questionnaires concerning demographic data and knowledge scores on Vitamin D and its supplementation were given. Results: All subjects (100%) were not taking vitamin D supplements, most of the subjects were not taking adequate amount of sea foods (96%), (90%) not consuming 1 litter of milk and inadequate intake mushroom in the diet(84%) during maturity period 58% Conclusion: This study was conducted assessment the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards vitamin D deficiency, sun exposure, supplementation in a sample of adult female attending the primary health clinic at Makkah, Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian. Most of the respondents were found to have limited information about vitamin D deficiency, and the high prevalence of low level of adherence to vitamin D supplementation of the participants. Overall, must be exposed to health care and educational program in order for them to increase their knowledge about the importance of micronutrients – its function and supplementation - towards adult female, especially the vitamin D.

Keywords:
knowledge aattitude practice Vitamin D supplementation adult female

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Holick, M. F. The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences. The Journal of nutrition .2005; 135(11), 2739S-2748S.
[2]	Masood, S. H., & Iqbal, M. P. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in South Asia. Angiogenesis. 2008; 1(11), 12.
[3]	Holick, M. F., & Chen, T. C. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008; 87(4), 1080S-1086S.
[4]	Grant, W. B. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the US due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet‐B radiation. Cancer. 2002; 94(6), 1867-1875.
[5]	Lappe, J. M., Travers-Gustafson, D., Davies, K. M., Recker, R. R., & Heaney, R. P. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: Results of a randomized trial (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2008; 85, (1586-1591). 87(3), 794.
[6]	Vieth R, Kimball S . Vitamin D in congestive heart failure. Am J Clin Nutr . 2006;83, 731–2.
[7]	Hyppönen, E., Läärä, E., Reunanen, A., Järvelin, M. R., & Virtanen, S. M. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. The Lancet. 2001; 358(9292), 1500-1503.
[8]	Chiu, K. C., Chu, A., Go, V. L. W., & Saad, M. F. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2004; 79(5), 820-825.
[9]	Pittas, A. G., Lau, J., Hu, F. B., & Dawson-Hughes, B. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2007; 92(6), 2017-2029.
[10]	Khalsa K. The Vitamin D Revolution, How the Power of This Amazing Vitamin Can Change Your Life. Hay House Inc. 2009; New York.
[11]	Brand, C. A., Abi, H. Y., Couch, D. E., Vindigni, A., & Wark, J. D. Vitamin D deficiency: a study of community beliefs among dark skinned and veiled people. International journal of rheumatic diseases. 2008; 11(1), 15-23.
[12]	Mahon, B. D., Gordon, S. A., Cruz, J., Cosman, F., & Cantorna, M. T. Cytokine profile in patients with multiple sclerosis following vitamin D supplementation. Journal of neuroimmunology. 2003; 134(1-2), 128-132.
[13]	Al-Mogbel, E. S. Vitamin D status among adult Saudi females visiting primary health care clinics. International journal of health sciences .2012; 6(2), 116.
[14]	Sadat-Ali, M., AlElq, A., Al-Turki, H., Al-Mulhim, F., & Al-Ali, A. Vitamin D levels in healthy men in eastern Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi medicine 2009; 29(5), 378-382.
[15]	Alfawaz, H., Tamim, H., Alharbi, S., Aljaser, S., & Tamimi, W. Vitamin D status among patients visiting a tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a retrospective review of 3475 cases. BMC public health. 2014; 14(1), 159.
[16]	Ardawi, M. S., Sibiany, A. M., Bakhsh, T. M., Qari, M. H., & Maimani, A. A. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy Saudi Arabian men: relationship to bone mineral density, parathyroid hormone, bone turnover markers, and lifestyle factors. Osteoporosis International. 2012; 23(2), 675-686.
[17]	Mansour, M. M., & Alhadidi, K. M. Vitamin D deficiency in children living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2012; 16(2), 263.
[18]	Cabral, M. A., Borges, C. N., Maia, J. M. C., Aires, C. A. M., & Bandeira, F. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency during the summer and its relationship with sun exposure and skin phototype in elderly men living in the tropics. Clinical interventions in agin. 2013, 8, 1347.
[19]	Abiaka, C., Delghandi, M., Kaur, M., & Al-Saleh, M. Vitamin D status and anthropometric indices of an Omani study population. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 2013; 13(2), 224.
[20]	Merewood, A., Mehta, S. D., Grossman, X., Chen, T. C., Mathieu, J., Holick, M. F., & Bauchner, H. Vitamin D status among 4-month-old infants in New England: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Human Lactation .2012; 28(2), 159-166.
[21]	Dawson-Hughes, B. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: Definition, clinical manifestations, and treatment. Accessed .2014; 10(24), 18.
[22]	US Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Iodine Fact Sheet for Consumers. Last updated February . 2016;17.
[23]	Toher, C., Lindsay, K., McKenna, M., Kilbane, M., Curran, S., Harrington, L., ... & McAuliffe, F. M. Relationship between vitamin D knowledge and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels amongst pregnant women. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics. 2014; 27(3), 261-269.
[24]	Bassam A. Al Bathi, Khaled E. Al Zayed, Mohammad Al Qenai, Gamal Makboul,Medhat K. El-Shazly,Knowledge, attitude and practice of patients attending primary care centers toward vitamin D in Kuwait.Alexandria journal of medicin. 2012; 48 (3): 277-282.
[25]	Molla, A. M., Al Badawi, M., Hammoud, M. S., Molla, A. M., Shukkur, M., Thalib, L., & Eliwa, M. S. Vitamin D status of mothers and their neonates in Kuwait. Pediatrics international. 2005; 47(6), 649-652.
[26]	Jones, G., Horst, R., Carter, G., & Makin, H. L. Contemporary Diagnosis and Treatment of Vitamin D–Related Disorders. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2007; 22(S2), V11-V15.
[27]	Binkley, N., Novotny, R., Krueger, D., Kawahara, T., Daida, Y. G., Lensmeyer, G., ... & Drezner, M. K. Low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism .2007; 92(6), 2130-2135.