Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis in Children with Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption: Report of Five Cases

Hossain Ibrahim Ageel^1, and Marwah Ali Al-Agsam¹

¹Department of Pediatrics, King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Cite this paper:
Hossain Ibrahim Ageel and Marwah Ali Al-Agsam. Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis in Children with Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption: Report of Five Cases. American Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2017; 5(7):190-195. doi: 10.12691/ajmcr-5-7-6

Abstract

Several reports described nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in children with glucose-galactose malabsorption (GGM). The etiology of renal stones in GGM is not known, but the chronic dehydration and concentrated urine complicating chronic diarrhea in GGM might be a possible mechanism. Few reports described nephrocalcinosis in association with hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and renal tubular defect. Both nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis can present in the neonatal period at the time of diagnosis or manifest later during follow up. We are aware of eleven patients of GGM with nephrolithiasis reported worldwide, and eight patients of GGM with nephrocalcinosis. In this current report, we describe a total of five patients with GGM complicated with nephrolithiasis (three cases), and nephrocalcinosis (two cases). As far as we know, this series is the largest group of patients described with these complications in one report. We aim from this paper to deliver a message to the pediatricians and pediatric gastroenterologist to do regular ultrasonography of the kidneys in all patients of GGM at the time of diagnosis and during follow up to recognize these complications early and refer them in the right moment for management.

Keywords:
glucose-galactose malabsorption nephrolithiasis nephrocalcinosis children

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figures

References:

[1]	Assiri A, Saeed A, Alnimri A, Ahmed S, Saeed E, Jameel S. Five Arab children with glucose-galactose malabsorption. Paediatr Int Child Health 2013; 33(2): 108-110.
[2]	Sabino-Silva R, Mori RC, David-Silva A, Okamoto MM, Freitas HS, Machado UF. The Na(+)/glucose cotransporters: from genes to therapy. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43(11): 1019-1026.
[3]	Wood IS, Trayhurn P. Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): expanded families of sugar transport proteins. Br J Nutr 2003; 89(1): 3-9.
[4]	Vallaeys L, Van Biervliet S, De Bruyn G, Loeys B, Moring AS, Van Deynse E, Cornette L. Congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption: a novel deletion within the SLC5A1 gene. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172(3): 409-411.
[5]	Mutlu M, Cakir M, Aslan Y. Glucose Galactose Malabsorption: A Case Report. HK J Paediatr 2010; 15: 320-323.
[6]	Saadah OI, Alghamdi SA, Sindi HH, Alhunaitti H, Bin-Taleb YY, Alhussaini BH. Congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption: A descriptive study of clinical characteristics and outcome from Western Saudi Arabia. Arab J. Gastroenterol 2014; 15(1): 21-23.
[7]	Tasic V, Slaveska N, Blau N, Santer R. Nephrolithiasis in a child with glucose-galactose malabsorption. Pediatr Nephrol 2004; 19(2): 244-246.
[8]	Pahari A, Milla PJ, van't Hoff WG. Neonatal nephrocalcinosis in association with glucose-galactose malabsorption. Pediatr Nephrol 2003: 18(7): 700-702.
[9]	Ageel HI, Gosadi GM, Ageel AA. Unusual Case of Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption with Oculocutaneous Albinism. American Journal of Medical Case Reports 2017; 5(6): 171-173.
[10]	Gracey M, Burke V. Sugar-induced diarrhea in children. Arch Dis Child 1973; 48(5): 331-336.
[11]	Lee WS, Tay CG, Nazrul N, Paed M, Chai PF. A Case of Neonatal Diarrhoea Caused by Congenital Glucose-galactose Malabsorption. Med J Malaysia 2009; 64(1): 83-85.
[12]	Abdullah AM, el-Mouzan MI, el Shiekh OK, al Mazyad A. Congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption in Arab children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 23(5): 561-564.
[13]	Xin B, Wang H. Multiple sequence variations in SLC5A1 gene are associated with glucose-galactose malabsorption in a large cohort of Old Order Amish. Clin Genet 2011; 79(1): 86-91.
[14]	Meeuwisse GW and Melin K. Glucose-galactose malabsorption. A clinical study of 6 cases. Acta Pædiatr Scand 1969; 58(Suppl 188): 3-18.
[15]	Abdullah AM, Abdullah MA, Abdurrahman MB, al Husain MA. Glucose-galactose malabsorption with renal stones in a Saudi child. Ann Trop Paediatr 1992; 12(3): 327-329.
[16]	Abdullah AM, el-Mouzan MI, el Shiekh OK, al Mazyad A. Congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption in arab children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 23(5): 561-564.
[17]	El-Naggar W, Balfe JW, Barbar M, Taha D. Nephrocalcinosis in glucose-galactose malabsorption, association with renal tubular acidosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20(9): 1336-1339.
[18]	Ghazali B, Almedhesh SA, Alsuheel AM, Batti D, Shati AA. Congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption: A rare cause of chronic diarrhea. Int J Med Med Sci 2014; 6(2): 59-62.
[19]	Soylu OB, Ecevit C, Altinöz S, Oztürk AA, Temizkan AK, Maeda M, Kasahara M. Nephrocalcinosis in glucose-galactose malabsorption: nephrocalcinosis and proximal tubular dysfunction in a young infant with a novel mutation of SGLT1. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167(12): 1395-8
[20]	Fiscaletti M, Lebel MJ, Alos N, Benoit G, Jantchou P. Two Cases of Mistaken Polyuria and Nephrocalcinosis in Infants with Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption: A Possible Role of 1,25(OH)2D3. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 87(4): 277-282.
[21]	Bhasin B, Ürekli HM, Atta MG. Primary and secondary hyperoxaluria: Understanding the enigma. World J Nephrol 2015; 4(2): 235-244.
[22]	Taylor EN, Curhan GC. Fructose consumption and the risk of kidney stones. Kidney Int. 2008; 73(2): 207-212.
[23]	Saarela T, Similä S, Koivisto M. Hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis in patients with congenital lactase deficiency. J Pediatr 1995; 127(6): 920-923.
[24]	Habbig S, Beck BB, Hoppe B. Nephrocalcinosis and urolithiasis in children. Kidney Int 2011; 80(12): 1278-1291.