Journals A-Z
All Subjects
Free Journals
sciepub.com
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
ISSN (Print): 2328-4056 ISSN (Online): 2328-4064 Website: https://www.sciepub.com/journal/ajidm Editor-in-chief: Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
Open Access
Journal Browser
Go
Issue 1, Volume 3
Article Metrics
  • 22841
    Views
  • 17688
    Saves
  • 8
    Citations
  • 40
    Likes
Export Article
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. 2015, 3(1), 18-31
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-3-1-4
Open AccessArticle

Tuberculosis is a Fatal Disease among Some Developing Countries of the World

Haradhan Kumar Mohajan1,

1Assistant Professor, Premier University, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Pub. Date: February 06, 2015
View Full Text Full Text PDF (266 KB) Full Text ePUB(106 KB)

Cite this paper:
Haradhan Kumar Mohajan. Tuberculosis is a Fatal Disease among Some Developing Countries of the World. American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. 2015; 3(1):18-31. doi: 10.12691/ajidm-3-1-4

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious fatal disease mainly among the developing countries. It is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through the air and infects the lungs and other organs and parts of the persons who come in contact to the infected persons. It remains a major global health problem and about 2 billion people are thought to be infected with TB and about 1.3 million died each year from the disease. In the 95% of all cases, 99% of death occurs in developing countries, with the greatest burden in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. India alone accounts for an estimated one-quarter (26%) of all TB cases worldwide and only China and India combine accounting for 38%. To prevent TB, the WHO recommends that infants receive a BCG vaccine where TB is a common disease. At present each year globally about 100 million children receive BCG vaccine. Drug resistant TB is a rising global problem which is more difficult and expensive to treat and cure or sometimes it is impossible to treat successfully. It can occur when healthcare providers prescribe the wrong treatment, the wrong dose, or wrong length of time for taking the drugs or irregular and incomplete medicines are used by the patients.

Keywords:
tuberculosis pulmonary TB WHO drug resistant TB BCG developing countries

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]  Adverse Reactions, “Adverse Reactions and Toxicity Accompany Essentially all Treatment Courses for Drug-Resistant TB”. Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, A Survival Guide for Clinicians. 2007.
 
[2]  American Thoracic Society, CDC, “Infectious Diseases Society of America, Treatment of Tuberculosis”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports, 52 (RR-11): 1-77. 2003.
 
[3]  Aronson J.D., “Protective Vaccination against Tuberculosis with Special Reference to BCG Vaccination”, American Review of Tuberculosis, 58: 255-581. 1948.
 
[4]  Ayvazian, F.L., “History of Tuberculosis”. In L.B. Reichman & E.S. Hershfield (Eds.), Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive International Approach (pp. 1-20). New York: Marcel Dekker. 1993.
 
[5]  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, “Reported Tuberculosis in the United States” 2008. Web: http://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2008/default.htm
 
[6]  CDC, “Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Guide for Primary Health Care Providers”. US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Division of Tuberculosis Elimination Atlanta, Georgia. 2013.
 
[7]  Crubézy, E., Ludes, B., Poveda, J.D., Clayton, J., Crouau-Roy, B., and Montagnon, D. “Identification of Mycobacte-rium DNA in an Egyptian Pott’s Disease of 5,400 years Old”. Comptes Rendus de l Academie des Sciences-Serie Iii, Sciences de la Vie, 321(11): 941-951. 1998.
 
[8]  Curry International Tuberculosis Center, “Tuberculosis Infection Control: A Practical Manual for Preventing TB”. CITC, USA. 2011.
 
[9]  Daniel, T.M., “The Origins and Precolonial Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in the Americas: Can We Figure them Out?” International Journal of Tuberculosis & Lung Disease, 4(5): 395-400. 2000.
 
[10]  Daniel, T.M., “Captain of Death: The Story of Tuberculosis”. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. 1997.
 
[11]  Davis, A.L., “A Historical Perspective on Tuberculosis and its Control”, In L.B. Reichman & E.S. Hershfield (Eds.), Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive International Approach (pp. 3-54). New York: Marcel Dekker. 2000.
 
[12]  Feldberg, G.D., “Disease and Class: Tuberculosis and the Shaping of Modern North American Society”. New Bruns-wick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 1995.
 
[13]  Fine, P.E.M., Carneiro, I.A.M., Milstien, J.B. and Clements, C.J., “Issues Relating to the Use of BCG in Immunization Programmes”, A Discussion Document, Department of Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva. 1999.
 
[14]  Fruth U., “TB Vaccine Development: a Brief Background”, Chapter 5.2. indd: 592-609. 2014.
 
[15]  Garcia-Garcia, M.L., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jimenez-Corona, M.E., Ferreyra-Reyes, L., Martinez, K., Rivera-Chavira, B., Martínez‐Tapia, M.E., Valenzuela‐Miramontes, E., Palacios‐Martínez, M., Juárez‐Sandino, L., and Valdespino‐Gómez, J.L., “Factors Associated with Tuberculin Reactivity in Two General Hospitals in Mexico”, Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 22(2): 88-93. 2001.
 
[16]  Guillerm, M., Usdin, M. and Arkinstall, J., “Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Drug Sensitivity Testing: An overview of the current diagnostic pipeline”, Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines, Médecins Sans Frontières. 2006.
 
[17]  Harding, R., Foley, K.M., Connor, S.R. and Jaramillo, E., “Palliative and End-of-life Care in the Global Response to Multidrugresistant Tuberculosis”, Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12: 643-646. 2012.
 
[18]  Heimbeck J., “Tuberculosis in Hospital Nurses”, Tubercle, 18: 97-99. 1936.
 
[19]  International Centre for Prison Studies, “The World Prison Population List”, Kings College, London, United Kingdom. 2007.
 
[20]  Ishikawa, N., “Sekaino Kekkaku Mondai to Nihon no Kosyueisei (Tuberculosis as a World’s Issue and Public Health in Japan)”, Public Health, 58(8): 26-27. 1994.
 
[21]  Jesudas, C.D. and Thangakunam, B., “Tuberculosis Risk in Health Care Workers”, Indian Journal of Chest Diseases & Allied Sciences, 55: 149-154. 2013.
 
[22]  Joshi, R., Reingold, A.L., Menzies, D., and Pai, M., “Tuberculosis among Health-care Workers in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review”, PLoS Med., 3(12): e494. 2006.
 
[23]  Keshavjee, S., Gelmanova, I.Y., Farmer, P.E., Mishustin, S.P., Strelis, A.K., Andreev, Y.G., Pasechnikov, A.D., Atwood, S., Mukherjee, J.S., Rich, M.L., Furin, J.J., Nardell, E.A., Kim, J.Y. and Shin, S.S., “Treatment of Extensively Drug-resistant Tuberculosis in Tomsk, Russia: A Retrospective Cohort Study”, Lancet, 372: 1403-1409. 2008.
 
[24]  Kim S.J., “Drug-susceptibility Testing in Tuberculosis: Methods and Reliability of Results”, European Respiratory Journal, 25(3): 564-569. 2005.
 
[25]  Long, R., O’Connor, R., Palayew, M., Hershfield, E. and Manfreda, J., “Disseminated Tuberculosis With and Without a Military Pattern on Chest Radiography: A Clinical-pathological-radiologic Correlation”, International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 1(1): 52-58. 1997.
 
[26]  Menzies, D., Fanning, A., Yuan, L., Fitzgerald, M., “Tuberculosis among Health-care Workers”, The New England Journal of Medicine, 332: 92-98. 1995.
 
[27]  Mohan, A., “Tuberculosis”, 2nd Ed., New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd.: 634-645. 2009.
 
[28]  Moolphate, S., Aung, M.N., Nampaisan, O., Nedsuwan, S., Kantipong, P., Suriyon, N., Hansudewechakul, C., Yanai, H., Yamada, N., and Ishikawa, N., “Time of Highest Tuberculosis Death Risk and Associated Factors: An Observation of 12 years in Northern Thailand”, International Journal of General Medicine, 4: 181-190. 2011.
 
[29]  Murray, C.J.L. and Lopez, A.D., “Global and Regional Cause Death Patterns in 1990”, Bulletin WHO, 72: 447-480. 1994.
 
[30]  Neil, J., “Perioperative Care of the Patient with Tuberculosis”, Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses, AORN Journal, 88(6): 942-962. 2008.
 
[31]  Nelson, K., “Tuberculin Testing to Detect Latent Tuberculosis in Developing Countries”. Epidemiology, 18(3): 348-349. 2007.
 
[32]  O’Grady, J., Mwaba, P., Bates, M., Kapata, N. and Zumla, A., “Tuberculosis in Prisons in Sub-Saharan Africa-A Potential Time Bomb”, South African Medical Journal, 101(2): 107-108. 2011.
 
[33]  Perkins, M.D., Roscigno, G., Zumla, A. “Progress towards Improved Tuberculosis Diagnostics for Developing Countries”. Lancet, 367: 942-943. 2006.
 
[34]  Rational Pharmaceutical Management Plus Program (RPMPP), “Managing Pharmaceuticals and Commodities for Tuberculosis: A Guide for National Tuberculosis Programs”, Arlington, VA, Management Sciences for Health. 2005.
 
[35]  Reid, M. and Shah, N., “Approaches to Tuberculosis Screening and Diagnosis in People with HIV in Resource-limited Settings”, Lancet, 9(3): 173-184. 2009.
 
[36]  Richter, E., Rüsch-Gerdes, S. and Hillemann, D., “Drug-Susceptibility Testing in TB: Current Status and Future Prospects”, Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 3(5): 497-510. 2009.
 
[37]  Ryan, F., “The Forgotten Plague: How the Battle against Tuberculosis was Won and Lost”. (1st Ed.). Boston: Little, Brown. 1993.
 
[38]  Simooya, O.O., “Infections in Prison in Low and Middle Income Countries: Prevalence and Prevention Strategies”, The Open Infectious Diseases Journal, 4: 33-37. 2010.
 
[39]  Suchi, M., “Sekai no Kekkaku-DOTS Senryaku wo Chushin to shite (World’s Tuberculosis-Focused on the DOTS Strategy)”. 1999. Web: http://jata/or.jp/rit/rit/rj/gtc99.html
 
[40]  The Daily Star, “Progress Card of Bangladesh”, Bangladesh has Lowest Rates of Death from TB and Malaria in all of South Asia, while HIV/AIDS Death Rates Increase. August 5, 2014.
 
[41]  The International Business Times, “Aids Infections and Tuberculosis Are on Decline Globally”, July 22, 2014.
 
[42]  Tiemersma, E.W., van der Werf, M.J. Borgdorff, M.W., Williams, B.G. and Nagelkerke, N.J.D., “Natural History of Tuberculosis: Duration and Fatality of Untreated Pulmonary Tuberculosis in HIV-negative Patients: A Systematic Review”, PloS ONE, 6(4): e17601. 2011.
 
[43]  Treatment Action Group (TAG), “Funding for Pediatric TB Research”, 2012 Supplement to the 2013 Report on Tuberculosis Research Funding Trends, 2005-2012. 2013.
 
[44]  UN News Centre, “Tuberculosis on the Decline for First Time Ever”, 11 October 2011. 2011.
 
[45]  [US Investment in Global Health, “Winning the Fight Against a deadly Disease”, Progress against Tuberculosis. 2009.
 
[46]  WHO, “Tuberculosis Infection Control in the Era of Expanding HIV Care and Treatment”, Addendum to WHO Guidelines for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in Health Care Facilities in Resource-Limited Settings. 1999.
 
[47]  WHO, “Tuberculosis Control in Prisons, A Manual for Programme Managers” WHO/CDS/TB/2000.281. 2000.
 
[48]  WHO, “Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World, 3rd Global Report”. The WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance, Geneva. 2004.
 
[49]  WHO, “Policy Guidance on TB Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST) of Second-line Drugs (SLD), Expert Group Meeting”, 16-17 July 2007, Geneva. 2007a.
 
[50]  WHO, “National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Bangladesh, Report of the Fourth Joint Review”, WHO Project: BAN TUB 6: 66. 2007b.
 
[51]  WHO, “Status Paper on Prisons and Tuberculosis”, Prison Health, London. 2007c.
 
[52]  WHO, “Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World: Fourth Global Report”. Geneva, World Health Organization. 2008.
 
[53]  WHO, “Global Tuberculosis Control: Epidemiology, Strategy, Financing: WHO Report 2009”, Geneva. 2009a.
 
[54]  WHO, “The Stop TB Department, Countries that had Reported at Least One XDR-TB Case by End March” .2009b. www.who.int/tb/challenges/xdr/xdr_map_mar09.pdf
 
[55]  WHO, “TB in South-East Asia”, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 2009c.
 
[56]  WHO, “WHO Policy on TB Infection Control in Health-care Facilities, Congregate Settings and Households”, Stop TB Department, WHO Press, Geneva. 2009d.
 
[57]  WHO, “Global Tuberculosis Control: A Short Update To The 2009 Report”, WHO Press, Geneva. 2009e.
 
[58]  WHO, “Treatment of Tuberculosis, Guidelines”, 4th Ed., WHO Press, Geneva. 2010a.
 
[59]  WHO, “Global Tuberculosis Control 2010: The Global Burden of TB”. WHO Press, Geneva. 2010b.
 
[60]  WHO, “WHO Report 2011: Global Tuberculosis Control”, Geneva: World Health Organization. 2011.
 
[61]  WHO, “Access to Medicine Index”, Treatment Action Group, Stop TB Parternership. 2012.
 
[62]  WHO, “Global Tuberculosis Report 2013”, WHO Press, Geneva. 2013a.
 
[63]  WHO, “Definitions and Reporting Framework for Tuberculosis-2013 Revision”, WHO Press, Geneva. 2013b.
 
[64]  WHO, “Tuberculosis”, Fact Sheet No. 104, WHO Media Centre. 2014.
 
[65]  WHO News Update. 2006. Web: http://www.who.int/tb/xdr/xdrtb_sept06news.pdf.
 
[66]  Wikipedia, “The Free Encyclopedia”. 2014.
 
[67]  Wirth, T., Hildebrand, F, Allix-Béguec, C., Wölbeling, F., Kubica, T., Kremer, K., van Soolingen, D., Rüsch-Gerdes, S., Locht, C., Brisse, S., Meyer, A., Supply, P. and Niemann, S., “Origin, Spread and Demography of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex”, PLoS Pathog, 4(9): e1000160. 2008.
 
[68]  Yanai, H, Limpakarnjanarat, K., Uthaivoravit, W., Mastro, T.D., Mori, T., Tappero, J.W., “Risk of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection and Disease among Health Care Workers”, Chiang Rai, Thailand, International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 7: 36-45. 2003.
 
Manuscript template