American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
ISSN (Print): 2328-4005 ISSN (Online): 2328-403X Website: https://www.sciepub.com/journal/ajcmr Editor-in-chief: Dario Galante
Open Access
Journal Browser
Go
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2025, 13(3), 46-50
DOI: 10.12691/ajcmr-13-3-1
Open AccessLiterature Review

The Impact of Different Bonding Protocols and Thermal Cycling on the Final Bond Strength of Zirconia Restorations, Literature Review

Abdulmajeed O Alotaibi1, and Turki A Alzahrani2

1Prosthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, KSA.

2Bachelor of Dental Surgery, General Dentist, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, KSA

Pub. Date: July 10, 2025

Cite this paper:
Abdulmajeed O Alotaibi and Turki A Alzahrani. The Impact of Different Bonding Protocols and Thermal Cycling on the Final Bond Strength of Zirconia Restorations, Literature Review. American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2025; 13(3):46-50. doi: 10.12691/ajcmr-13-3-1

Abstract

Objective: to categorize and examine the existing methods and materials proposed to enhance the bonding of zirconia to dental substrates. Materials and Methods: A review of studies was conducted regarding the evaluation of zirconia bonding to dental substrates. On the basis of papers published between 2019 and 2023, the research was conducted in January 2024. Prisma, or the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, was the basis for the methodologies used in this investigation. Results: After ageing, MDP cement in combination with tribochemical silica coating (TSC) or SA produced more durable results. Furthermore, when SA and TSC are treated with non-MDP cement and non-MDP primer, better bond endurance is seen. Compared to SA, TSC might improve bond durability; when mixed with SA or TSC, MDP cements might have comparable results. The zirconia-resin interface should priorities two important aspects when choosing bonding mechanisms: strong initial bond strength and long-term bond endurance. The effectiveness of treatment may be limited because mechanical tests, such as micro-tensile bond strength and shear bond strength, may not accurately reflect material behaviour under practical settings, even though they are frequently used to evaluate the bond quality between resin luting agents and zirconia substrates. Conventional cements can also be used to cement zirconia crowns if the right crown preparation strategy guarantees adequate retention without bonding. Conclusion: The pressures applied during chewing and the state of the tooth are two more elements that significantly affect the retention of restorations in addition to adhesion techniques. Adhesive methods are becoming increasingly important in order to guarantee the effectiveness of restorations, as minimally invasive techniques become more popular.

Keywords:
resin bonding dental bonding bond strength zirconia cement adhesion

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]  Shahmiri, R., Standard O.C., Hart J.N., Sorrell C.C., 2018. Optical properties of zirconia ceramics for esthetic dental restorations: A systematic review. J. Prosthet. Dent, 11: 36–46.
 
[2]  Deval, P., Tembhurne, J., Gangurde, A., Chauhan, M., Jaiswal, N., Tiwari, D.K., 2021. A Clinical Comparative Evaluation of The Wear Of Enamel Antagonist To Monolithic Zirconia And Metal-Ceramic Crowns. Int J Prosthodont, 34(6), 744–751.
 
[3]  Güth, J.F., Stawarczyk, B., Edelhoff, D., Liebermann, A., 2019. Zirconia and its novel compositions: What do clinicians need to know? Quintessence Int, 50(7), 512-520.
 
[4]  Blatz, M.B., Vonderheide, M., Conejo, J., 2018. The Effect of Resin Bonding on Long-Term Success of High-Strength Ceramics. J Dent Res; 97(2), 132-139.
 
[5]  Blatz, M.B., 2002.Long-term clinical success of all-ceramic posterior restorations. Quintessence Int, 33(6), 415-426.
 
[6]  Blatz, M.B., Phark, J.H., Ozer, F., Mante, F.K., Saleh, N., Bergler, M., 2010. In vitro comparative bond strength of contemporary self-adhesive resin cements to zirconium oxide ceramic with and without air-particle abrasion. Clin Oral Investig, 14(2), 187-192.
 
[7]  Kern, M,, Thompson ,V.P., Beuer, F., Edelhoff, D., Frankenberger, R., Kohal, RJ, 2017. All ceramics at a glance. 3rd English Edition ed: AG Keramik.
 
[8]  Attia, A., Abdelaziz, K.M., Freitag, S., Kern, M., 2006.Fracture load of composite resin and feldspathic all-ceramic CAD/CAM crowns. J Prosthet Dent, 95(2), 117-123.
 
[9]  Campos, F., Valandro, L.F., Feitosa, S.A., Kleverlaan, C.J., Feilzer, A.J., de Jager, N., 2017. Adhesive Cementation Promotes Higher Fatigue Resistance to Zirconia Crowns. Oper Dent, 42(2), 215-224.
 
[10]  Weigl, P., Sander, A., Wu, Y., Felber, R., Lauer, H.C., Rosentritt, M., 2018. In-vitro performance and fracture strength of thin monolithic zirconia crowns. J Adv Prosthodont, 10(2), 79-84.
 
[11]  Al-Makramani, B.M.A., Razak, A.A.A., Abu-Hassan, MI.. 2008. Evaluation of load at fracture of Procera AllCeram copings using different luting cements. J Prosthodont, 17(2), 120-124.
 
[12]  Gu, X.H., Kern, M., 2003. Marginal discrepancies and leakage of all-ceramic crowns: influence of luting agents and aging conditions. Int J Prosthodont, 16(2), 109-116.
 
[13]  Scaminaci Russo, D., Cinelli. F., Sarti, C., Giachetti, L., 2019. Adhesion to Zirconia: A Systematic Review of Current Conditioning Methods and Bonding Materials. Dent J (Basel), 7(3): 74-93.
 
[14]  Blatz, M.B., Alvarez, M., Sawyer, K., Brindis, M., 2016. How to Bond Zirconia: The APC Concept. Compend Contin Educ Dent, 37(9), 611-617.
 
[15]  Rigos. A.E,. Sarafidou, K., Kontonasaki, E., 2023. Zirconia bond strength durability following artificial aging: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. Jpn Dent Sci Rev, 59, 138-159.
 
[16]  Khan, A.A., Mohamed B.A., Mirza E.H., Syed J., Divakar D.D., Vallittu P.K., 2019. Surface wettability and nano roughness at different grit blasting operational pressures and their effects on resin cement to zirconia adhesion. Dent. Mater. J, 38, 388–395.
 
[17]  Altan, B., Cinar, S., Tuncelli, B. , 2019. Evaluation of shear bond strength of zirconia-based monolithic CAD-CAM materials to resin cement after different surface treatments. Niger. J. Clin. Pract, 2: 1475–1482.
 
[18]  Ruales-Carrera E., Cesar P.F., Henriques B., Fredel M.C., Özcan M., Volpato C.A.M., 2019. Adhesion behavior of conventional and high-translucent zirconia: Effect of surface conditioning methods and aging using an experimental methodology. J. Esthet. Restor. Dent, 3: 388–397.
 
[19]  Grasel R., Santos M.J., Rêgo H.C., Rippe M.P., Valandro L.F., 2018. Effect of Resin Luting Systems and Alumina Particle Air Abrasion on Bond Strength to Zirconia. Oper. Dent, 43: 282–290.
 
[20]  Rona N., Yenisey M., Kucukturk G., Gurun H., Cogun C., Esen Z., 2017. Effect of electrical discharge machining on dental Y-TZP ceramic-resin bonding. J. Prosthodont. Res, 61, 158–167.
 
[21]  Yenisey M., DeDe D.Ö., Rona N., 2016. Effect of surface treatments on the bond strength between resin cement and differently sintered zirconium-oxide ceramics. J. Prosthodont. Res, 60, 36–46.
 
[22]  Ahn J.-S., Yi Y.-A., Lee Y., Seo D.G., 2015. Shear Bond Strength of MDP-Containing Self-Adhesive Resin Cement and Y-TZP Ceramics: Effect of Phosphate Monomer-Containing Primers. BioMed Res. Int, 2015: 389234-389240.
 
[23]  Lima R.B.W., Barreto S.C., Hajhamid B., de Souza G.M., de Goes M.F., 2019. Effect of cleaning protocol on silica deposition and silica-mediated bonding to Y-TZP. Dent. Mater, 35, 1603–1613.
 
[24]  Ozel G.S., Okutan Y., Oguz Ahmet B.S., Ozdere E. , 2019.Effect of Combined Surface Treatments on Surface Roughness and Resin Bond Strength to Y-TZP Ceramic and Nickel–Chromium Metal Alloy. Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg, 37, 442–450.
 
[25]  Esteves-Oliveira M., Jansen P., Wehner M., Dohrn A., Bello-Silva M.S., Eduardo C.P., Meyer-Lueckel H., 2016. Surface Charac-terization and Short-term Adhesion to Zirconia after Ultra-short Pulsed Laser Irradiation. J. Adhes. Dent, 18, 483–492.
 
[26]  Lopes G.C., Spohr A.M., de Souza G.M., 2016. Different Strategies to Bond Bis-GMA-based Resin Cement to Zirconia. J. Adhes. Dent, 239–246.
 
[27]  Aboushelib, M.N., Ragab, H., Arnaot, M., 2018. Ultrastructural Analysis and Long-term Evaluation of Composite-Zirconia Bond Strength. J. Adhes. Dent, 20, 33–39.
 
[28]  Noda Y., Nakajima M., Takahashi M., Mamanee T., Hosaka K., Takagaki T., Ikeda M., Foxton R.M., Tagami J., 2017. The effect of five kinds of surface treatment agents on the bond strength to various ceramics with thermocycle aging. Dent. Mater. J, 36, 755–761.
 
[29]  Okutan Y., Yucel M.T., Gezer T., Donmez M.B., 2019. Effect of airborne particle abrasion and sintering order on the surface roughness and shear bond strength between Y-TZP ceramic and resin cement. Dent. Mater. J, 38, 241–249.
 
[30]  Ahn J.J., Kim D.S., Bae E.B., Kim G.-., Jeong C.M., Huh J.B., Lee S.H., 2020. Effect of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (NTP) and Zirconia Primer Treatment on Shear Bond Strength between Y-TZP and Resin Cement. Materials, 13(18), 3934-3949.
 
[31]  Cheung, G.J.K., Botelho, M.G., 2015. Zirconia Surface Treatments for Resin Bonding. J. Adhes. Dent, 17, 551–558.
 
[32]  Bömicke W., Schürz A., Krisam J., Rammelsberg P., Rues S., 2016. Durability of Resin-Zirconia Bonds Produced Using Methods Available in Dental Practice. J. Adhes. Dent, 18, 17–27.
 
[33]  Kasraei S., Rezaei-Soufi L., Yarmohamadi E., Shabani A., 2015. Effect of CO2 and Nd:YAG Lasers on Shear Bond Strength of Resin Cement to Zirconia Ceramic. J. Dent, 12, 686–694.
 
[34]  Lee J.-J., Choi J.-Y., Seo J.-M., 2017. Influence of nano-structured alumina coating on shear bond strength between Y-TZP ceramic and various dual-cured resin cements. J. Adv. Prosthodont, 9, 130-137.
 
[35]  Jiang T., Chen C., Lv P., 2014. Selective infiltrated etching to surface treat zirconia using a modified glass agent. Adhes Dent, 16, 553–557.
 
[36]  Cheung G.C., Botelho M.G., Matinlinna J.P., 2014. Effect of surface treatments of zirconia ceramics on the bond strength to resin cement. J. Adhes Dent, 16, 49–56.
 
[37]  de Souza, G.M.D., Thompson, V.P., Braga, R.R, 2011. Effect of metal primers on microtensile bond strength between zirconia and resin cements. J Prosthet Dent, 105(5), 296-303.
 
[38]  Liu D., Tsoi J.K., Matinlinna J.P., Wong H.M., 2015. Effects of some chemical surface modifications on resin zirconia adhesion. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater, 46, 23–30.
 
[39]  Bottino M.A., Bergoli C., Lima E.G., Marocho S.M., Souza R.O., Valandro L.F., 2014. Bonding of Y.-TZP to dentin: Effects of Y-TZP surface conditioning, resin cement type, and aging. Oper. Dent, 39, 291–300.
 
[40]  Vanderlei A., Bottino M.A., Valandro L.F., 2014. Evaluation of resin bond strength to yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia and framework marginal fit: Comparison of different surface conditionings. Oper. Dent, 39, 50–63.
 
[41]  Saker S., Ibrahim F., Ozcan M., 2013. Effect of different surface treatments on adhesion of In-Ceram Zirconia to enamel and dentin substrates. J. Adhes Dent, 15, 369–376.
 
[42]  Inokoshi M., De Munck J., Minakuchi S., Van Meerbeek B., 2014. Meta-analysis of bonding effectiveness to zirconia ceramics. J. Dent. Res, 93, 329–334.
 
[43]  Otani, A., Amaral, M., May, L.G., Cesar, .PF., Valandro, L.F. , 2015. A critical evaluation of bond strength tests for the assessment of bonding to Y-TZP. Dent Mater, 31, 648–656.
 
[44]  Thammajaruk P., Inokoshi M., Chong S., Guazzato M., 2018. Bonding of composite cements to zirconia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater, 80, 258–268.
 
[45]  Ahn J.J., Kim D.S., Bae E.B., Kim G.C., Jeong C.M., Huh J.B., Lee S.H., 2020. Effect of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (NTP) and Zirconia Primer Treatment on Shear Bond Strength between Y-TZP and Resin Cement. Materials, 13(18), 3934-3949.
 
[46]  Lümkemann N., Eichberger M., Stawarczyk B., 2019. Different surface modifications combined with universal adhesives: The impact on the bonding properties of zirconia to composite resin cement. Clin. Oral Investig, 23: 3941–3950.
 
[47]  Kim D.S., Ahn J.J., Bae E.B., Kim G.C., Jeong C.M., Huh J.B., Lee S.H., 2019. Influence of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment on Shear Bond Strength between Y-TZP and Self-Adhesive Resin Cement. Materials, 12(20), 3321-3344.
 
[48]  Sasse, M., Kern, M., 2013 (b). CAD/CAM single retainer zirconia-ceramic resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses: Clinical outcome after 5 years. Int J. Comput. Dent, 16, 109–118.
 
[49]  Angkasith, P., Burgess, J.O., Bottino, M.C., Lawson, N.C., 2016. Cleaning Methods for Zirconia Following Salivary Contamination. J. Prosthodont, 25, 375–379.
 
[50]  Kim, D.H., Son, J.S., Jeong, S.H., Kim, Y.K., Kim, K.H., 2015. Kwon T.Y. Efficacy of various cleaning solutions on saliva-contaminated zirconia for improved resin bonding. J. Adv. Prosthodont, 7, 85–92.
 
[51]  Piest, C., Wille, S., Strunskus, T., Polonskyi, O., Kern, M., 2018. Efficacy of Plasma Treatment for Decontaminating Zirconia. J. Adhes Dent, 20, 289–297.
 
[52]  Ishii, R., Tsujimoto, A., Takamizawa, T., Tsubota, K., Suzuki, T., Shimamura, Y., Miyazaki, M., 2015. Influence of surface treatment of contaminated zirconia on surface free energy and resin cement bonding. Dent. Mater. J, 34, 91–97.
 
[53]  Klosa, K., Warnecke, H., Kern, M., 2014. Effectiveness of protecting a zirconia bonding surface against contaminations using a newly developed protective lacquer. Dent. Mater, 30, 785–792.
 
[54]  Yoshida, K., 2018. Influence of cleaning methods on resin bonding to saliva-contaminated zirconia. J. Esthet. Restor. Dent, 30, 259–264.
 
[55]  Shimizu, H., Inokoshi, M., Takagaki, T., Uo M., Minakuchi, S.. 2018. Bonding Efficacy of 4-META/MMA-TBB Resin to Surface-treated Highly Translucent Dental Zirconia. J. Adhes Dent, 20, 453–459.
 
[56]  Yagawa S., Komine, F., Fushiki, R., Kubochi, K., Kimura, F., Matsumura, H., 2018. Effect of priming agents on shear bond strengths of resin-based luting agents to a translucent zirconia material. J. Prosthodont. Res, 62,204–209.
 
[57]  Rathmann, F., Bomicke, W., Rammelsberg, P., Ohlmann, B., 2017. Veneered zirconia inlay-retained fixed dental prostheses: 10-Year results from a prospective clinical study. J. Dent, 64, 68–72.
 
[58]  Chaar, M.S., Kern, M., 2015. Five-year clinical outcome of posterior zirconia ceramic inlay-retained FDPs with a modified design. J. Dent, 43, 1411–1415.
 
[59]  Sasse, M., Kern, M., 2014 (a). Survival of anterior cantilevered all-ceramic resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses made from zirconia ceramic. J. Dent, 42,660–663.
 
[60]  Tiu, J, Al-Amleh, B, Waddell, JN, Duncan, WJ., 2015. Clinical tooth preparations and associated measuring methods: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent, 113(3), 175-84.
 
[61]  Parker, MH., 2004. Resistance form in tooth preparation. Dent Clin North Am, 48, 387–396.
 
[62]  Kern, M., 2014. Bonding to oxide ceramics-Laboratory testing versus clinical outcome. Dent Mater, 31, 1–7.
 
[63]  Shahdad, S., Cattell, M.J., Cano-Ruiz, J., Gamble, E.G.A., 2018. Clinical evaluation of all ceramic zirconia framework resin bonded bridges. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent, 26(4), 203-211.