Journals A-Z
All Subjects
Free Journals
sciepub.com
American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture
ISSN (Print): 2328-398X ISSN (Online): 2328-3998 Website: https://www.sciepub.com/journal/ajcea Editor-in-chief: Dr. Mohammad Arif Kamal
Open Access
Journal Browser
Go
Issue 3, Volume 14
Article Metrics
  • 121
    Views
  • 585
    Saves
  • 0
    Citations
  • 0
    Likes
Export Article
American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2026, 14(3), 69-111
DOI: 10.12691/ajcea-14-3-2
Open AccessArticle

Measuring Maturity and Ranking Barriers to Implementing Benchmarking of Construction Project Quality Management in Cagayan de Oro City

Mary Kaye Paquibot1, and Jonathan B. Calibara1

1Department of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines

Pub. Date: May 20, 2026
View Full Text Full Text PDF Full Text ePUB

Cite this paper:
Mary Kaye Paquibot and Jonathan B. Calibara. Measuring Maturity and Ranking Barriers to Implementing Benchmarking of Construction Project Quality Management in Cagayan de Oro City. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 2026; 14(3):69-111. doi: 10.12691/ajcea-14-3-2

Abstract

Benchmarking is a recognized mechanism for continuous improvement in construction project quality management. This study evaluates construction quality management maturity and benchmarking readiness in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. It measures maturity using the Project Management Maturity Model, assesses stakeholder perception through Key Performance Indicators, and ranks implementation barriers. A descriptive quantitative design was employed using a structured questionnaire administered to 60 construction professionals involved in government-supported projects. The instrument showed strong validity and reliability, with S-CVI values of 0.833–1.000, Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.796–0.960, KMO values of 0.888–0.905, and Bartlett’s Test results of p < 0.001. Maturity was analyzed using the Maturity Index and Weighted Index, while stakeholder perception was evaluated using the Relative Importance Index. Results showed generally high but uneven maturity, led by Cost Management (Mi = 3.975; Wi = 0.117) and Quality Management (Mi = 3.872; Wi = 0.114). Stakeholders perceived benchmarking positively, with RII values ranging from 0.793 to 0.883. FAHP ranked inadequate quality management training as the top barrier (GW = 0.220), followed by lack of quality team commitment (GW = 0.181) and lack of technical expertise (GW = 0.118). The study recommends institutionalizing benchmarking, strengthening competencies, improving digital capabilities, and reinforcing leadership commitment.

Keywords:
benchmarking project management maturity model relative importance index barriers FAHP

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]  Riaz, H., Iqbal Ahmad Khan, K., Ullah, F., Bilal Tahir, M., Alqurashi, M., & Badr Alsulami, T. (2022). Key factors for implementation of total quality management in construction Sector: A system dynamics approach. Ain Shams Engineering Journal.
 
[2]  Sabone, M., & Addo-Tenkorang, R. (2016). Benchmarking performance measurement systems in Botswana’s construction sector. Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 6(SI), 1489–1502.
 
[3]  Budayan, C., & Okudan, O. (2022). Roadmap for the implementation of total quality management in ISO 9001-certified construction companies: Evidence from Turkey. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 13(6), 101788.
 
[4]  Sheoran, V., & Thakur, D. J. (2023). A study on evaluation of quality management systems in construction projects. International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology, 10(4), 2037–2048.
 
[5]  Datta, S. D., Tayeh, B. A., Hakeem, I. Y., & Abu Aisheh, Y. I. (2023). Benefits and barriers of implementing building information modeling techniques for sustainable practices in the construction industry: A comprehensive review. Sustainability, 15(16), 12466.
 
[6]  Alofi, K., & Younes, A. M. (2019). Total quality management implementation in the manufacturing sector in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review. Business and Management Research, 8(1), 41–52.
 
[7]  Othman, I., Kineber, A. F., Oke, A. E., Zayed, T., & Buniya, M. K. (2021). Barriers of value management implementation for building projects in the Egyptian construction industry. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(4), 21–30.
 
[8]  Magtibay, R.K. (2025). Critical factors contributing to cost overruns in Philippine construction projects: A multi-stakeholder perspective. Business Fora: Business and Allied Industries International Journal. Vol. 5, No.1, 37 – 50.
 
[9]  Siman, B.P. (2023). A critical analysis of the Philippine construction industry: Current trends, forecast, and business focus for engineering design firms. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Business and Education Research 4(8):2691-2699.
 
[10]  McKinsey & Company. (2017). Reinventing construction: A route to higher productivity. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/engineering-construction/ our-insights/ reinventing-construction-through-a-productivity-revolution.
 
[11]  Dimaculangan, E.P. (2023). Issues and challenges in the Philippine construction industry: An opportunity for BIM adoption. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology 13(2), 2023, 93-119. 10.17678/beuscitech.1279862
 
[12]  Layno, J. D. J., & Famadico, J. J. F. (2024). Cost and time overrun of public infrastructure project in the Philippines: Inhibiting factors and mitigating measures. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(12), 5360–5370.
 
[13]  Camposano Jr, M.L., de la Cruz, A., & Bianes, J.R. (2025). Policy guidelines for managing variation orders in Philippine water and wastewater projects using analytical hierarchy process. Logistic and Operation Management Research (LOMR).
 
[14]  Begay, B.C. (2024). Analysis of construction delays in public sector projects at apayao state college in the Philippines. Library Progress International44 (3), 22451-22463.
 
[15]  Garcia, E. J. S., & Pilar, J. G. (2025). Factors causing the delays of construction projects in the City of Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 7(3)
 
[16]  Cabahug, R. R. (2014). A survey on the implementation of safety standards of on-going construction projects in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology, 12, 12–24.
 
[17]  Rimando, R. & Muhi, M. (2025). Sectoral occupational safety compliance of selected construction projects in the 4th district of Camarines Sur. Technologique A Global Journal on Technological Developments and Scientific Innovations. 5. 14-29. 10.62718/vmca.tech-gjtdsi.5.1.SC-0725-008.
 
[18]  Crawford, A. (2015). Working in Partnership: The challenges of working across organizational boundaries, cultures and practices. Oxford University Press. Police Leadership - Rising to the Top (pp.71-94)
 
[19]  Ruiz Lopez, J., Ortiz-Hernandez, J., Bonjour, E., Micaëlli, J.P. & Hernandez, Y. (2025). Systematic literature review of project management maturity models. Programming and Computer Software. 50. 771-785. 10.1134/S0361768824700750.
 
[20]  Ibrahim, A. D., Abdulrahman, R. S., & Chindo, P. G. (2019). Assessment of risk management maturity of construction organizations in joint venture projects. Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management, 9(1), 20–28
 
[21]  Ackah, D., & Amponsah, R. (2024). Evaluating the Project Management Maturity in the Construction Industry of Developing Countries, Ghana in Perspective. Project Management Scientific Journal, 2024, 7(9): 01-15.
 
[22]  Project Management. (2008) A guide to the project management book of knowledge (PMBOK). 4th Edition, Project Management Institute, Newtown Square.
 
[23]  Koenig, N. (2015). Project management maturity in local government (Undergraduate thesis). University of Southern Queensland.
 
[24]  Project Management Institute. (2013). A guide to the project management body of knowledge: PMBOK guide (5th ed.). Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, Inc.
 
[25]  Golabchi, H., Pereira, E., Lefsrud, L.M., & Mohamed, Y. (2025). Proposal of a safety maturity framework in construction: Implementing Leading Indicators for Proactive Safety Management. Journal of Safety and Sustainability.
 
[26]  Jäkel, J.I., Fischerkeller, F., Oberhoff, T., & Klemt-Albert, K. (2024). Development of a maturity model for the digital transformation of companies in the context of construction industry 4.0. Journal of Information Technology in Construction. 29. 778-809. 10.36680/j.itcon.2024.034.
 
[27]  Cooke-Davies, T.J. and Arzymanow, A. (2002). The maturity of project management in different industries: An investigation into variations between project management models. International Journal of Project Management 21 (2003), 471-478.
 
[28]  Al-Marri, R., Abdalla, G., & Mahdi, E. (2025). Project management maturity in project-based organizations: frameworks, drivers, and the role of sustainability. Future Business Journal, 11.
 
[29]  Kerzner, H. (2019). Using the project management maturity model: Strategic planning for project management. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 
[30]  Cox, A., Lonsdale, C., Watson, G., & Qiao, H. (2003). Supplier relationship management: A framework for understanding managerial capacity and constraints. European Business Journal, 15(3), 135–145.
 
[31]  Gurgun, A.P. and Koc, K. (2022) The role of contract incompleteness factors in project disputes: A hybrid fuzzy multi-criteria decision approach. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 30, 3895-3926.
 
[32]  Project Management Institute. (2021). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) (7th Ed.). Project Management Institute.
 
[33]  Ofori, G., & Toor, S.-u.-R. (2021). Leadership in the construction industry: Developing authentic leaders in a dynamic world. Routledge.
 
[34]  Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (1996) Strategic Learning: The Balanced Scorecard. Strategy & Leadership, 24, 18-24.
 
[35]  Costa, D. B., Formoso, C. T., Kagioglou, M., Alarcón, L. F., & Caldas, C. H. (2006). Benchmarking initiatives in the construction industry: Lessons learned and improvement opportunities. Journal of Management in Engineering, 22(4), 158–167.
 
[36]  Kärnä, S., & Junnonen, J. M. (2016). Benchmarking construction industry, company and project performance by participants’ evaluation. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 23(7), 2092–2108.
 
[37]  Almanasreh, E., Moles, R., & Chen, T.F. (2019). Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15, 214–221.
 
[38]  Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th Ed.). Cengage Learning.
 
[39]  Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4-11.
 
[40]  Zamanzadeh, V., Ghahramanian, A., Rassouli, M., Abbaszadeh, A., Alavi-Majd, H., & Nikanfar, A. (2015). Design and implementation content validity study: Development of an instrument for measuring patient-centered communication. Journal of caring sciences, 4 2, 165-78.
 
[41]  Knebel MTG, da Costa BGG, Dos Santos PC, de Sousa ACFC, Silva KS. The conception, content validation, and test-retest reliability of the questionnaire for screen time of adolescents (QueST). J Pediatr (Rio J). 2022 Mar-Apr;98(2):175-182.
 
[42]  Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 16(2), 296–298.
 
[43]  DeVellis, R. F. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications (3rd Ed.). Sage Publications.
 
[44]  Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55.
 
[45]  Garcia, C., Salvatierra Garrido, J.L., Campoverde, T., & Alarcon, L. (2023). Methodological proposal to assess management practices for incorporating benchmarking into the Chilean construction industry. Europub Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 4. 33-49. 10.55033/ejmrv4n1-003.
 
[46]  Al-Raqeb, H., Ghaffar, S. H., Haitherali, H., & Gopakumar, A. (2024). Overcoming barriers to implementing building information modelling in Kuwait’s Ministry of Public Works: A Framework for Sustainable Construction. Buildings, 14(1), 130.
 
[47]  Pratama, F., Andhika, R. & Latief, Y. (2021). The framework of quality culture maturity in Indonesian construction company to reduce the construction failure rate. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 794. 012027. 10.1088/1755-1315/794/1/012027.
 
[48]  Karim, R. A., Latief, Y., & Zagloel, T. Y. (2022). Measuring and benchmarking the quality culture maturity of construction companies in Indonesia. IJE Transactions A: Basics, 35(10), 2027-2039.
 
[49]  Gaur, S., & Tawalare, A. (2023). Development of a performance index model for evaluation of BIM-based stakeholder management using fuzzy synthetic evaluation. Buildings, 13(6), 1441.
 
[50]  Ayalew, G. G., Admasu Alemneh, L., & Melkamu Ayalew, G. (2024). Exploring fuzzy AHP approaches for quality management control practices in public building construction projects. Cogent Engineering, 11(1).
 
[51]  Bonilla, M., & Castillo, T. (2020). Benchmarking the construction industry: An adaptation of the world management survey methodology. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (pp. 217–228).
 
[52]  Souza, C., Chinelli, C.K., Soares, C.A., & Longo, O.C. (2025). BIM as a tool for developing smart buildings in smart Cities: Potentialities and Challenges. Architecture.
 
[53]  Albertin, M. R., Pontes, H. L., Aragão, D. P., Prata Junior, B. A., & Baltazar, M. C. (2021). A new flexible benchmarking monitoring system: A case study for the civil construction sector in Brazil. Espacios, 42(16), 50–60.
 
[54]  Sacks, R., Eastman, C., Lee, G. and Teicholz, P. (2018) BIM Handbook, a guide to building information modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers, and contractors, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey, Hoboken.
 
[55]  Lu, Q., Won, J., & Cheng, J.C. (2016). A financial decision-making framework for construction projects based on 5D Building Information Modeling (BIM). International Journal of Project Management, 34, 3-21.
 
[56]  Zhao, X., Wu, P., & Wang, X. (2021). Risk paths in BIM adoption in construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 28(5), 1358–1376.
 
[57]  Oraee, M., Hosseini, M. R., Edwards, D.J. & Papadonikolaki, E (2021) Collaboration in BIM-based construction networks: a qualitative model of influential factors. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 29 (3). pp. 1194-1217. ISSN 0969-9988
 
[58]  Li, H., Lu, M., Hsu, S., Gray, M.R., & Huang, T. (2015). Proactive behavior-based safety management for construction safety improvement. Science & Engineering Faculty.
 
[59]  Moradi, S., & Sormunen, P. (2023). Integrating lean construction with BIM and sustainability: a comparative study of challenges, enablers, techniques, and benefits. Construction Innovation.
 
[60]  Pan, Y., & Zhang, L. (2021). Roles of artificial intelligence in construction engineering and management: A critical review and future trends. Automation in Construction, 122, 103517.
 
[61]  Hossain, M. U., Ng, S. T., Antwi-Afari, P., & Amor, B. (2020). Circular economy and the construction industry: Existing trends, challenges and prospective framework for sustainable construction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 130, 109948.
 
[62]  Alotaibi, A., & Gambatese, J. A. (2025). Challenges and benefits of using BIM technologies to improve construction safety: An exploratory case study. CIB World Building Congress Proceedings.
 
[63]  Marzouk, M., & Sabbah, M. (2021). AHP–TOPSIS social sustainability approach for selecting suppliers in construction supply chains. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 2, 100034.
 
[64]  Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S. and Pal, D. (2015) Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7, 396-403.
 
[65]  Taherdoost, H. (2022) Designing a questionnaire for a research paper: A comprehensive guide to design and develop an effective questionnaire. Asian journal of managerial science, 11, 8-16.
 
[66]  Koo, M. and Yang, S.W. (2025). Likert-type scale. Encyclopedia 2025, 5, 18.
 
[67]  Boone, H. N., Jr., & Boone, D. A. (2012). Analyzing Likert data. Journal of Extension, 50(2), Article 2TOT2.
 
[68]  Norman, G. (2010). Likert scales, levels of measurement and the “laws” of statistics. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 15, 625–632.
 
[69]  Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th Ed.). SAGE Publications.
 
[70]  Lakew, T., Admassu, K., & Maru, E. (2022). Framework on effective stakeholders’ management process related to project success in public building construction projects: The case of Gondar City, Ethiopia. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 5(4).
 
[71]  Jato-Espino, D. & Diaz-Sarachaga, J. M. (2020). Analysis of vulnerability assessment frameworks and methodologies in urban areas. Natural Hazards, 100, 437–457.
 
[72]  Ofori, G., & Toor, S.-U.-R. (2021). Leadership in the Construction Industry: Developing Authentic Leaders in a Dynamic World (1st ed.). Routledge.
 
[73]  Akadiri, O. P. (2011). Development of a multi-criteria approach for the selection of sustainable materials for building projects [Doctoral dissertation, University of Wolverhampton].
 
[74]  Alshibani, A., Aldossary, M. S., Hassanain, M. A., Hamida, H., Aldabbagh, H., & Ouis, D. (2024). Investigation of the driving power of the barriers affecting BIM adoption in construction management through ISM. Results in Engineering, 24, Article 102987. 7
 
[75]  Yap, J. B. H., Lam, C. G. Y., Skitmore, M., & Talebian, N. (2022). Barriers to the adoption of new safety technologies in construction: A developing country context. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 28(2), 120–133.
 
[76]  Badihaveli, K. S., & Vyas, G. S. (2019). Benchmarking construction quality attributes for township projects. In Proceedings of the National Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure Development and Management.
 
[77]  Saaty, T. L. (2008). Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. International Journal of Services Sciences, 1(1), 83–98.
 
[78]  Vaidya, O.S. and Kumar, S. (2006). Analytic hierarchy process: An overview of applications. European Journal of Operational Research, 169, 1-29.
 
[79]  Zavadskas, E. K., & Turskis, Z. (2011). Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) methods in economics: An overview. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 17(2), 397–427.
 
[80]  Buckley, J. J. (1985). Fuzzy hierarchical analysis. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 17(3), 233–247.
 
[81]  Kahraman, C., Cebeci, U., & Ulukan, Z. (2004). Multi‐criteria supplier selection using fuzzy AHP. Logistics Information Management, 16(6), 382-394.
 
[82]  Dabous, S.A. & Alkass, S. (2008) Decision support method for multi‐criteria selection of bridge rehabilitation strategy, Construction Management and Economics, 26:8, 883-893
 
[83]  Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., Bywaters, D., & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive Sampling: Complex or Simple? Research Case Examples. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25, 652-661.
 
[84]  Jiao, Y.C., Chang, J., Liu, C. et al. (2023). Factors influencing the help-seeking behavior in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res 23, 1345.
 
[85]  Al-Bahtiti, A. S., Tayeh, B. A., Baghdadi, A., Alaloul, W. S., & Abu Aisheh, Y. I. (2025). Drivers for adopting augmented reality and virtual reality technologies in the construction project management in Gaza City. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 1–18.
 
[86]  Estremera, M. L., & Mendoza-Sarmiento, M. A. (2024). Content validity and reliability of questionnaires: Trends, prospects and innovation in the digital research epoch. ASEAN Innovative and Transformative Education Journal, 1(1), 1–10.
 
[87]  Bujang MA, Omar ED, Foo DHP, Hon YK. Sample size determination for conducting a pilot study to assess reliability of a questionnaire. Restor Dent Endod. 2024 Jan 10;49(1):e3.
 
[88]  Alqahtani, F. M., & Noman, M. A. (2024). An Integrated Fuzzy Delphi and Fuzzy AHP Model for Evaluating Factors Affecting Human Errors in Manual Assembly Processes. Systems, 12(11), 479.
 
[89]  Vigor, A. V. E. (2023). Sentiments of 4th year architecture students in the use of computer aided design tools in improving their visual-spatial perception of design problems using Valence Aware Dictionary for Sentiment Reasoning (VADER): A computer-aided qualitative study. Science International (Lahore), 35(4), 329–331.
 
[90]  Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of content validation and content validity index calculation. Education in Medicine Journal, 11, 4954.
 
[91]  Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson
 
[92]  Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications
 
[93]  Kärnä, S., & Junnonen, J. M. (2016). Benchmarking construction industry, company and project performance by participants’ evaluation. Benchmarking, 23(7), 2092-2108.
 
[94]  Pedron, J. M. O., Gonzales, D. R., Silva, D. L., Villaverde, B. S., Adina, E. M., Gacu, J. G., & Monjardin, C. E. F. (2025). A strategic AHP-based framework for mitigating delays in road construction projects in the Philippines. Future Transportation, 5(3), 80.
 
[95]  Cabahug, R.R., Arquita, M.B., De La Torre, S.M.E., Valledor, M.S., & Olivares, S.M.D. (2018). Factors influencing the delay of road construction projects in Northern Mindanao, Philippines. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology, 16(1), 187–197.
 
[96]  Memon, Aftab & Abdul Rahman, Ismail & Jamil, Muhamad. (2014). Severity of variation order factors in affecting construction project performance. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research. 4. 19-27.
 
[97]  Mbugua, R. G., Karanja, S., & Oluchina, S. (2021). Barriers and facilitators to uptake of prostate cancer screening in a Kenyan rural community. Annals of African Surgery, 18(3), 130–136.
 
[98]  Oppong, S.O., Amemasor, S.K., Ghansah, B., Benuwa, B., & Agbeko, M. (2025). The influence of digital professional development and professional learning communities in the relationship between school digital preparedness and digital instructional integration. PLOS One, 20.
 
[99]  Abu Oda, M.M.A, Tayeh, B.A., Alhammadi, S.A., & Abu Aisheh, Y.I. (2022). Key indicators for evaluating the performance of construction companies from the perspective of owners and consultants. Results in Engineering, 15, 100596.
 
[100]  Wawak, S., Ljevo, Z., & Vukomanović, M. (2020). Understanding the key quality factors in construction projects: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 12(24), 10376.
 
[101]  Zaid, O., Al-Dala’ien, R.N., Arbili, M.M., & Alashker, Y. (2025). Optimizing natural fiber content and types for enhanced strength and long-term durability in high-performance concrete. Cleaner Engineering and Technology.
 
[102]  Ghansah, F. A., & Edwards, D. J. (2024). Digital technologies for quality assurance in the construction industry: Current trends and future research directions toward Industry 4.0. Buildings, 14(3), 844.
 
[103]  Luo, H., Lin, L., Chen, K., Antwi-Afari, M. F., & Chen, L. (2022). Digital technology for quality management in construction: A review and future research directions. Developments in the Built Environment, 12.
 
[104]  Shaawat, M., Abdallah, A., & Almohassen, A. S. (2024). Causes of miscommunication leading to project delays and low work quality in the construction industry of Saudi Arabia. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 15. 102447. 10.1016/j.asej.2023.102447.
 
[105]  Naji, K. K., & Gunduz, M. (2024). A systematic review of the digital transformation of the building construction industry. IEEE Access, 12, 31461–31483.
 
[106]  Bigwanto, A., Widayati, N., Wibowo, M. A., & Sari, E. M. (2024). Key Performance Indicators (KPI) to Measure Effectiveness of Lean Construction in Indonesian Project. Sustainability, 16(15), 6461.
 
[107]  Sumadireja, G. C., Dachyar, M., Farizal, F., Ma’aram, A., & Park, J. J. (2025). Identifying Key Assessment Factors for Human Capital Agility and Leadership Agility. Sustainability, 17(9), 3849.
 
[108]  Volk, R., Stengel, J., & Schultmann, F. (2020). Building information modeling (BIM) for existing buildings—Literature review and future needs. Automation in Construction, 38, 109–127.
 
[109]  Li, H., Lu, M., Hsu, S., Gray, M.R., & Huang, T. (2015). Proactive behavior-based safety management for construction safety improvement. Science & Engineering Faculty.
 
[110]  Hoonakker, P., Carayon, P., & Loushine, T. (2010). Barriers and benefits of quality management in the construction industry: An empirical study. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 21(9), 953–969.
 
[111]  Taroun, A. (2021). Towards a better modelling and assessment of construction risk: Insights from a literature review. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management.
 
[112]  Bakhshi, P., & Touran, A. (2014). An overview of budget contingency calculation methods in construction industry. Procedia Engineering, 85, 52-60.
 
[113]  Maru, A., Jekale, W., & Asteray, B. (2024). Investigating the impact of lean construction principles on contractors’ project performance in Ethiopia using PLS-SEM. Journal of Project Management, 9(3), 227–238.
 
[114]  Badec, K.P., Salam, P.A., & Dhakal, S. (2026). Stakeholder perceptions and policy implications of energy benchmarking in the Philippines. Energy for Sustainable Development.
 
Manuscript template