Sustainable Energy
ISSN (Print): 2372-2134 ISSN (Online): 2372-2142 Website: https://www.sciepub.com/journal/rse Editor-in-chief: Apply for this position
Open Access
Journal Browser
Go
Sustainable Energy. 2016, 4(1), 7-16
DOI: 10.12691/rse-4-1-2
Open AccessArticle

Policies Enhancing Renewable Energy Development and Implications for Nigeria

Nnaemeka Vincent Emodi1, and Nebedum Ekene Ebele2

1College of Business, Law and Governance, James Cook University, P. O. Box 6811, Cairns Qld 4870, Australia

2Department of Climate Change, Hallym University, Hallym University 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea

Pub. Date: February 29, 2016

Cite this paper:
Nnaemeka Vincent Emodi and Nebedum Ekene Ebele. Policies Enhancing Renewable Energy Development and Implications for Nigeria. Sustainable Energy. 2016; 4(1):7-16. doi: 10.12691/rse-4-1-2

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to review the various policies and strategies promoting renewable energy development around the world. The success and failures of each country and regions were examined through a case study so as to learn some valuable lessons and derive useful implications for the development of renewable energy in Nigeria. The study initially reviewed the current renewable energy policies and identified the barriers to the development of renewable energy technology in Nigeria. The lessons from the case study were classified into support mechanisms which include; capital, fiscal, tax incentives, legislative, political, technological and environmental support. The lessons from case study were used to develop implications in addressing the development of renewable energy technologies through effective policies and strategies in Nigeria. Furthermore, some future perspectives of renewable energy development in Nigeria were discussed. This study intends to support the Nigerian government and policymakers in decisions making and policy formulation on the short-, medium- and long-term.

Keywords:
renewable energy policies nigeria projects case study tax incentives barriers

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]  Oyedepo, S. O. Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: the way forward. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 2(1), 1-17. 2012.
 
[2]  Oyedepo, S. O. Towards achieving energy for sustainable development in Nigeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 255-272. 2014.
 
[3]  Ahuja, D., & Tatsutani, M. Sustainable energy for developing countries. SAPI EN. S. Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment and Society, (2.1). 2009.
 
[4]  Springer, R. A Framework for Project Development in the Renewable Energy Sector. Contract, 303, 275-3000. 2013.
 
[5]  Ölz, S. Renewable energy policy considerations for deploying renewables. 2011.
 
[6]  Maduekwe, N. C. Unbundling and Privatization of the Nigerian Electricity Sector: Reality or Myth? University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom. (2011). Retrieved August 6, 2015, from www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/gateway/files.php?
 
[7]  National Energy Policy (NEP) (2003). Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Abuja: Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved August 6, 2015, from www.energy.gov.ng. Accessed on 6th August, 2015.
 
[8]  National Energy Policy (NEP) (2006). Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Abuja: Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved August 6, 2015, from www.energy.gov.ng.
 
[9]  National Energy Policy; Draft Revised Edition (NEP) (2013). Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Abuja: Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved August 6, 2015, from www.energy.gov.ng
 
[10]  National Planning Commission, National Economic Empowerment, & Development Strategy (NEEDS) (2004). National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy NEEDS (Vol. 2). International Monetary Fund.
 
[11]  Marcellus, I. O. Development planning in nigeria: reflections on the national economic empowerment and development strategy (NEEDS) 2003-2007. J. Soc Sci, 20(3), 197-210. 2009.
 
[12]  The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) (2005).Electric Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA). Retrieved July 6, 2015, from www.nercng.org/index.php/nerc-documents/func-startdown/35/.
 
[13]  Iwayemi, A., Diji, C., Awotide, B., Adenikinju, A. and Obute, P. Towards Sustainable Universal Electricity Access in Nigeria. CPEEL. (2014). Retrieved August 6, 2015, from Available online at: www.cpeel.ui.edu.ng/sites/default/files/monograph-2.pdf.
 
[14]  Renewable Electricity Action Program (REAP). Federal Ministry of Power and Steel (2006). Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved August 6, 2015, from www.iceednigeria.org/backup/workspace/uploads/dec.-2006-2.pdf.
 
[15]  Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) Draft Nigerian Bio-Fuel Policy and Incentives. Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Abuja. 2007.
 
[16]  Renewable Energy master Plan (REMP) (2005). Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Retrieved August 6, 2015, from Available online at: www.spidersolutionsnigeria.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Renewable-Energy-Master-Plan-2005.pdf.
 
[17]  Renewable Energy master Plan (REMP) (2012). Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Retrieved August 6, 2015, from www.energy.gov.ng.
 
[18]  National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP) (2014). Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) and Federal Ministry of Science and Technology (FMST). Retrieved August 6, 2015, from www.energy.gov.ng.
 
[19]  Emodi, N. V., & Yusuf, S. D. Improving electricity access in Nigeria: obstacles and the way forward. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 5(1), 335-351. 2015.
 
[20]  Rural Electrification Strategy and Implementation Plan (RESIP) (2014). Power Sector Reform Team. Retrieved August 6, 2015, from www.power.gov.ng/National%20Council%20on%20Power/Rural%20Electrification%20Committe% 20Recommendation.pdf.
 
[21]  Efurumibe, E. L. Barriers to the development of renewable energy in Nigeria. Scholarly Journal of Biotechnology, 2, 11-13. 2013.
 
[22]  Ajobo, J. A., & Abioye, A. O. An Expository on Energy with Emphasis on the Viability of Renewable Energy Sources and Resources in Nigeria: Prospects, Challenges, and Recommendations.
 
[23]  Renewable Electricity Policy Guidelines (REPG). Federal Ministry of Power and Steel (2006). Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved August 6, 2015, from www.iceednigeria.org/backup/workspace/uploads/dec.-2006.pdf.
 
[24]  Chineke, C., Nwachukwu, R., Nwafor, O., Ugboma, E. & Ndukwu, O. Much Ado About Little: Renewable Energy and Policy. Journal of International Scientific Publications. Vol9. 2015. http://www.scientific-publications.net/get/1000015/1432901545984409.pdf.
 
[25]  Birmingham ECOTEC Research and Consulting Limited. Renewable energies: success stories. Office for official publications of the european communities. 2001.
 
[26]  Stokes, L. C. The politics of renewable energy policies: The case of feed-in tariffs in Ontario, Canada. Energy Policy, 56, 490-500. 2013.
 
[27]  IRENA Policy Brief Evaluating Policies in Support of the Deployment of Renewable Energy. International Renewable Energy Agency. 2012. www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/Evaluating_policies_in_support_of_the_deployment _of_renewable_power.pdf.
 
[28]  Sambo, A. S. Renewable energy development in Nigeria. In Energy commission of Nigeria paper presented at the World’s future council and strategy workshop on renewable energy, Accra, Ghana. 2010, June.
 
[29]  Sagar, A., & Gallagher, K. S. Energy technology demonstration and deployment. Ending the Energy Stalemate: A Bipartisan Strategy to Meet America’s Energy Challenges, 117. 2004.
 
[30]  Nigeria, N. Continental J. Social Sciences 3: 31-37, 2010 ISSN: 2141-4265© Wilolud Journals, 2010 http://www. wiloludjournal. com THE ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA. 2010.
 
[31]  International Energy Agency Staff. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. OECD. 2012.
 
[32]  Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Potential of Coal. International Energy Agency, 2005.
 
[33]  Painuly, J. P. Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. Renewable energy, 24(1), 73-89. 2001.
 
[34]  Oghogho, I. SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL AND ITS DEVELOPMENT FORTAINABLE ENERGY GENERATION IN NIGERIA: A ROAD MAP TO ACHIEVING THIS FEAT. International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences, 5(2), 61-67. 2014.
 
[35]  Meyer, N. I. Learning from wind energy policy in the EU: lessons from Denmark, Sweden and Spain. European Environment, 17(5), 347-362. 2007.
 
[36]  Frondel, M., Ritter, N., Schmidt, C. M., & Vance, C. Economic impacts from the promotion of renewable energy technologies: The German experience. Energy Policy, 38(8), 4048-4056. 2010.
 
[37]  United Nations (UN) Policies to Promote Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) in the Asia-Pacific Region. Desk Study Report. Asian and Pacific Center for Transfer of Technology. 2012.
 
[38]  KPMG Taxes and Incentives for Renewable Energy. Energy & Natural Resources. 2011. https://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Taxes-Incentives- Renewable-Energy-2011.pdf.
 
[39]  Fouquet, D., & Johansson, T. Energy and environmental tax models from Europe and their link to other instruments for sustainability: policy evaluation and dynamics of regional integration. In Presentation at the Eighth Senior Policy Advisory Committee Meeting, Beijing, China, November (Vol. 18). 2005, November.
 
[40]  Joelsson, J. On Swedish bioenergy strategies to reduce CO2 emissions and oil use. 2011.
 
[41]  European Environmental Agency Renewable Energies: Success Stories. Chapter 6: Analysis of Member State/technology examples of successful penetration. 2015. www.eea.europa.eu/publications/...issue...27/Issues_No_27_06.pdf.
 
[42]  Menanteau, P. Policy measures to support solar water heating: information, incentives and regulations. World Energy Council. 2007.
 
[43]  Ruijs, A., & Vollebergh, H. R. Lessons from 15 Years of Experience with the Dutch Tax Allowance for Energy Investments for Firms. 2013.
 
[44]  Winkel, T., Rathmann, M., Ragwitz, M., Steinhilber, S., Resch, G., Panzer, C., ... & Konstantinaviciute, I. Renewable energy policy country profiles. Prepared within the Intelligent Energy Europe project RE-Shaping (Contract no.: EIE/08/517/SI2. 529243), www. reshaping-res-policy. eu. 2011.
 
[45]  Kim, D. Y. Introduction of RPS and phase-out of FIT in renewable energy policy. INT’L FIN. L. REV.(Aug. 1, 2012), http://www. iflr. com/Article/3072471/Introduction-of-RPS-and-phase-out-of-FIT-in-renewableenergy-policy. html.
 
[46]  Ragwitz, M., Winkler, J., Klessmann, C., Gephart, M., & Resch, G. Recent developments of feed-in systems in the EU-A research paper for the International Feed-In Cooperation. Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), Bonn: Ministry for the Environment. 2012.
 
[47]  Hetter, J., Gelman, R., & Bird, L. Status of Net Metering: Assessing the Potential to Reach Program Caps. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2014.
 
[48]  American Public Power Association Public Power Utilities: Net Metering Programs. 2014. https://www.publicpower.org/files/PDFs/Public_Power_Net_Metering_Programs.pdf.
 
[49]  Leflaive, X. Water Outlook to 2050: The OECD calls for early and strategic action. In Discussion paper 1219. Global Water Forum Canberra. 2012.
 
[50]  United Nation Development Programme. International Financing Mechanisms for Renewable Energy in the Pacific Island Countries. 2010. http://www.climateparl.net/cpcontent/pdfs/TJensen%20UNDP%20International%20Financing%20 Mechanisms.pdf.
 
[51]  KPMG. Taxes and Incentives for Renewable Energy. 2013. https://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/taxes-and-incentives-for-renewable-energy/Documents/taxes-and-incentives-for-renewable-energy-2013.pdf.
 
[52]  Choung, Y. Quick Look: Renewable Energy Development in South Korea. Renewable Energy World. 2010. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2010/12/quick-look-renewable-energy-development-in- south-korea.html.
 
[53]  Hogg, K., & O’Regan, R. Renewable energy support mechanisms: an overview. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Globe Law and Business. 2010.
 
[54]  Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Renewable energy in South-East Asia (ASEAN-RESP). 2015. https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/16395.html.
 
[55]  Gallo, F. Exploring the complementarities between the Green Climate Fund and the CDM: Developing the GCF’s Project Certification and Credit Issuance Process. CDM Policy Dialogue. 2012. http://www.cdmpolicydialogue.org/research/1030_complementarities.pdf.
 
[56]  Gordić, D., Babić, M., Jelić, D., Konćalović, D., & Vukašinović, V. Integrating Energy and Environmental Management in Wood Furniture Industry. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
 
[57]  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Promoting Sustainable Consumption: Good practices in OECD countries. (2008). http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/40317373.pdf.
 
[58]  Hogg, D., Elliot, T. & Stonier, C. International Review Of fiscal instruments for low carbon development. 2011. http://trpenvis.nic.in/test/doc_files/International_Review_Fiscal_Instruments.pdf.
 
[59]  Shehu, A. I. (2012). Solar energy development in northern Nigeria. J Eng Energy Res: 2 (1).
 
[60]  Opeh, R, & Okezie, U. (2011). The significance of biogas plants in Nigeria’s Energy strategy. J Phys Sci Innov: 3.
 
[61]  Ahmadu, M. L. (2012). Renewable Energy: Challenges and Prospects of adopting a New Policy and Legal Paradigm in Nigeria. https://ases.conference-services.net/resources/252/2859/pdf/SOLAR2012_0040_full%20paper.pdf.