Journal of Computer Sciences and Applications
ISSN (Print): 2328-7268 ISSN (Online): 2328-725X Website: https://www.sciepub.com/journal/jcsa Editor-in-chief: Minhua Ma, Patricia Goncalves
Open Access
Journal Browser
Go
Journal of Computer Sciences and Applications. 2015, 3(3A), 27-39
DOI: 10.12691/jcsa-3-3A-4
Open AccessResearch Article

A Survey on Cryptography Key Management Schemes for Smart Grid

Bashar Alohali1, , Kashif Kifayat1, Qi Shi1 and William Hurst1

1Department Name, Liverpool John Moore University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Pub. Date: July 16, 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data Analytics in Intelligent Systems)

Cite this paper:
Bashar Alohali, Kashif Kifayat, Qi Shi and William Hurst. A Survey on Cryptography Key Management Schemes for Smart Grid. Journal of Computer Sciences and Applications. 2015; 3(3A):27-39. doi: 10.12691/jcsa-3-3A-4

Abstract

A Smart grid is a modern electricity delivery system. It is an integration of energy systems and other necessary elements including traditional upgrades and new grid technologies with renewable generation and increased consumer storage. It uses information and communication technology (ICT) to operate, monitor and control data between the generation source and the end user. Smart grids have duplex power flow and communication to achieve high efficiency, reliability, environmental, economics, security and safety standards. However, along with unique facilities, smart grids face security challenges such as access control, connectivity, fault tolerance, privacy, and other security issues. Cyber-attacks, in the recent past, on critical infrastructure including smart grids have highlighted security as a major requirement for smart grids. Therefore, cryptography and key management are necessary for smart grids to become secure and realizable. Key management schemes are processes of key organizational frameworks, distribution, generation, refresh and key storage policies. Currently, several secure schemes, related to key management for smart grid have been proposed to achieve end-to-end secure communication. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and discussion on the current state of the key management of smart grids.

Keywords:
key management smart grid cryptography smart meters AMI NAN HAN

Creative CommonsThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]  T. Flick and J. Morehouse, Securing the Smart Grid: Next Generation Power Grid Security: Elsevier Science, 2010.
 
[2]  J. Gao, Y. Xiao, J. Liu, W. Liang, and C. L. P. Chen, “A survey of communication/networking in Smart Grids,” Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 28, pp. 391-404, 2012.
 
[3]  X. Fang, S. Misra, G. Xue, and D. Yang, “Smart Grid - The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey,” Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE, vol. 14, pp. 944-980, 2012.
 
[4]  K. Iniewski, Convergence of Mobile and Stationary Next-Generation Networks: Wiley, 2011.
 
[5]  F. Rahimi and A. Ipakchi, “Overview of Demand Response under the Smart Grid and Market paradigms,” in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2010, 2010, pp. 1-7.
 
[6]  P. K. Steimer, “Enabled by high power electronics-Energy efficiency, renewables and smart grids,” in Power Electronics Conference (IPEC), 2010 International, 2010, pp. 11-15.
 
[7]  N. E. Bassam, P. Maegaard, and M. L. Schlichting, Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply: Elsevier, 2013.
 
[8]  E. D. Knapp and J. Langill, Industrial Network Security: Securing Critical Infrastructure Networks for Smart Grid, SCADA, and Other Industrial Control Systems: Syngress, 2011.
 
[9]  N. Kayastha, D. Niyato, E. Hossain, and Z. Han, “Smart grid sensor data collection, communication, and networking: a tutorial,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, pp. n/a-n/a, 2012.
 
[10]  J. Weiss, Protecting Industrial Control Systems from Electronic Threats: Momentum Press, 2010.
 
[11]  E. D. Knapp and R. Samani, “Chapter 1-What is the Smart Grid?,” in Applied Cyber Security and the Smart Grid, ed Boston: Syngress, 2013, pp. 1-15.
 
[12]  R. L. Krutz, Securing SCADA Systems. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, 2006.
 
[13]  F. Daryabar, A. Dehghantanha, N. I. Udzir, N. F. B. M. Sani, and S. bin Shamsuddin, “Towards secure model for SCADA systems,” in Cyber Security, Cyber Warfare and Digital Forensic (CyberSec), 2012 International Conference on, 2012, pp. 60-64.
 
[14]  S. Nabil and B. Mohamed, “Security solution for semantic SCADA optimized by ECC mixed coordinates,” in Information Technology and e-Services (ICITeS), 2012 International Conference on, 2012, pp. 1-6.
 
[15]  J. A. Zubairi and A. Mahboob, Cyber Security Standards, Practices and Industrial Applications: Systems and Methodologies: Igi Global, 2011.
 
[16]  B. Shahid, Z. Ahmed, A. Faroqi, and R. M. Navid-ur-Rehman, “Implementation of smart system based on smart grid Smart Meter and smart appliances,” in Smart Grids (ICSG), 2012 2nd Iranian Conference on, 2012, pp. 1-4.
 
[17]  Fadi Aloula, A. R. Al-Alia , Rami Al-Dalkya, M. Al-Mardinia, and a. W. El-Hajjb, “Smart Grid Security: Threats, Vulnerabilities and Solutions “ International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy vol. 1, 2012.
 
[18]  M. Badra and S. Zeadally, “Key management solutions in the smart grid environment,” in Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference (WMNC), 2013 6th Joint IFIP, 2013, pp. 1-7.
 
[19]  L. Nian, C. Jinshan, Z. Lin, Z. Jianhua, and H. Yanling, “A Key Management Scheme for Secure Communications of Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid,” Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 60, pp. 4746-4756, 2013.
 
[20]  S. S. Iyengar and R. R. Brooks, Distributed Sensor Networks, Second Edition: Sensor Networking and Applications: Taylor & Francis, 2012.
 
[21]  M. Z. Huq and S. Islam, “Home Area Network technology assessment for demand response in smart grid environment,” in Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), 2010 20th Australasian, 2010, pp. 1-6.
 
[22]  E. Hossain, Z. Han, and H. V. Poor, Smart Grid Communications and Networking: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
 
[23]  L. T. Berger and K. Iniewski, Smart Grid Applications, Communications, and Security: Wiley, 2012.
 
[24]  F. Bouhafs, M. Mackay, and M. Merabti, “Links to the Future: Communication Requirements and Challenges in the Smart Grid,” Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE, vol. 10, pp. 24-32, 2012.
 
[25]  N. Saputro, K. Akkaya, and S. Uludag, “A survey of routing protocols for smart grid communications,” Computer Networks, vol. 56, pp. 2742-2771, 2012.
 
[26]  S. S. S. R. Depuru, L. Wang, and V. Devabhaktuni, “Smart meters for power grid: Challenges, issues, advantages and status,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, pp. 2736-2742, 2011.
 
[27]  J. A. Cardenas, L. Gemoets, J. H. Ablanedo Rosas, and R. Sarfi, “A literature survey on Smart Grid distribution: an analytical approach,” Journal of Cleaner Production.
 
[28]  W. Wang and Z. Lu, “Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges,” Computer Networks, vol. 57, pp. 1344-1371, 2013.
 
[29]  S. Massoud Amin, “Smart Grid: Overview, Issues and Opportunities. Advances and Challenges in Sensing, Modeling, Simulation, Optimization and Control,” European Journal of Control, vol. 17, pp. 547-567, 2011.
 
[30]  L. Luo, N. Tai, and G. Yang, “Wide-area Protection Research in the Smart Grid,” Energy Procedia, vol. 16, Part C, pp. 1601-1606, 2012.
 
[31]  M. Fadaeenejad, A. M. Saberian, M. Fadaee, M. A. M. Radzi, H. Hizam, and M. Z. A. AbKadir, “The present and future of smart power grid in developing countries,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 29, pp. 828-834, 2014.
 
[32]  E. Ancillotti, R. Bruno, and M. Conti, “The role of communication systems in smart grids: Architectures, technical solutions and research challenges,” Computer Communications.
 
[33]  P. Stavroulakis and M. Stamp, Handbook of Information and Communication Security: Springer, 2010.
 
[34]  Z. Zhang, H. Liu, S. Niu, and J. Mo, “Information security requirements and challenges in smart grid,” in Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence Conference (ITAIC), 2011 6th IEEE Joint International, 2011, pp. 90-92.
 
[35]  L. Husheng, L. Lifeng, and R. C. Qiu, “A denial-of-service jamming game for remote state monitoring in smart grid,” in Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), 2011 45th Annual Conference on, 2011, pp. 1-6.
 
[36]  L. Zhuo, W. Wenye, and C. Wang, “Hiding traffic with camouflage: Minimizing message delay in the smart grid under jamming,” in INFOCOM, 2012 Proceedings IEEE, 2012, pp. 3066-3070.
 
[37]  S. Ruj and A. Nayak, “A Decentralized Security Framework for Data Aggregation and Access Control in Smart Grids,” Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 4, pp. 196-205, 2013.
 
[38]  M. Jung, T. Hofer, S. Dobelt, G. Kienesberger, F. Judex, and W. Kastner, “Access control for a Smart Grid SOA,” in Internet Technology And Secured Transactions, 2012 International Conferece For, 2012, pp. 281-287.
 
[39]  M. B. Line, I. A. Tondel, and M. G. Jaatun, “Cyber security challenges in Smart Grids,” in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Europe), 2011 2nd IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on, 2011, pp. 1-8.
 
[40]  E. Pallotti and F. Mangiatordi, “Smart grid cyber security requirements,” in Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2011 10th International Conference on, 2011, pp. 1-4.
 
[41]  W. Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice, International Edition: Principles and Practice: Pearson Education Limited, 2014.
 
[42]  Alfred J. Menezes, P. C. v. Oorschot, and a. S. A. Vanstone, Handbook of Applied Cryptography, 1996.
 
[43]  H. R. Nemati and L. Yang, Applied Cryptography for Cyber Security and Defense: Information Encryption and Cyphering: Information Science Reference, 2011.
 
[44]  W. Wang and Z. Lu, “Survey Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges,” Comput. Netw., vol. 57, pp. 1344-1371, 2013.
 
[45]  J. Kamto, Q. Lijun, J. Fuller, and J. Attia, “Light-weight key distribution and management for Advanced Metering Infrastructure,” in GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps), 2011 IEEE, 2011, pp. 1216-1220.
 
[46]  S. Das, Y. Ohba, M. Kanda, D. Famolari, and S. K. Das, “A key management framework for AMI networks in smart grid,” Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 50, pp. 30-37, 2012.
 
[47]  Sungjin Lee, Donghyun Choi, a. Choonsik Park, and S. Kim, “An Efficient Key Management Scheme for Secure SCADA Communication,” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 45, 2008.
 
[48]  S. Mittra, “Iolus: a framework for scalable secure multicasting,” presented at the Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '97 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication, Cannes, France, 1997.
 
[49]  W. Chung Kei, M. Gouda, and S. S. Lam, “Secure group communications using key graphs,” Networking, IEEE/ACM Transactions on, vol. 8, pp. 16-30, 2000.
 
[50]  C. Donghyun, L. Sungjin, W. Dongho, and K. Seungjoo, “Efficient Secure Group Communications for SCADA,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 25, pp. 714-722, 2010.
 
[51]  C. Donghyun, K. Hakman, W. Dongho, and K. Seungjoo, “Advanced Key-Management Architecture for Secure SCADA Communications,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 24, pp. 1154-1163, 2009.
 
[52]  C. L. Beaver, D.R. Gallup, W. D. NeuMann, and a. M. D. Torgerson. Key Management for SCADA [Online]. Available: http://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/013252.pdf
 
[53]  T. Huei-Ru, “A secure and privacy-preserving communication protocol for V2G networks,” in Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2012 IEEE, 2012, pp. 2706-2711.
 
[54]  S. Zhu, S. Setia, and S. Jajodia, “LEAP+: Efficient security mechanisms for large-scale distributed sensor networks,” ACM Trans. Sen. Netw., vol. 2, pp. 500-528, 2006.
 
[55]  W. Chung Kei, M. Gouda, and S. S. Lam, “Secure group communications using key graphs,” Networking, IEEE/ACM Transactions on, vol. 8, pp. 16-30, 2000.
 
[56]  C. Donghyun, L. Sungjin, W. Dongho, and K. Seungjoo, “Efficient Secure Group Communications for SCADA,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 25, pp. 714-722, 2010.
 
[57]  C. Donghyun, K. Hakman, W. Dongho, and K. Seungjoo, “Advanced Key-Management Architecture for Secure SCADA Communications,” Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 24, pp. 1154-1163, 2009.
 
[58]  C. L. Beaver, D.R. Gallup, W. D. NeuMann, and a. M. D. Torgerson. Key Management for SCADA [Online]. Available: http://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/013252.pdf
 
[59]  T. Huei-Ru, “A secure and privacy-preserving communication protocol for V2G networks,” in Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2012 IEEE, 2012, pp. 2706-2711.
 
[60]  L. Yee Wei, M. Palaniswami, G. Kounga, and A. Lo, “WAKE: Key management scheme for wide-area measurement systems in smart grid,” Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 51, pp. 34-41, 2013.
 
[61]  S. Zhu, S. Setia, and S. Jajodia, “LEAP+: Efficient security mechanisms for large-scale distributed sensor networks,” ACM Trans. Sen. Netw., vol. 2, pp. 500-528, 2006.
 
[62]  L. Yue, “Design of a Key Establishment Protocol for Smart Home Energy Management System,” in Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks (CICSyN), 2013 Fifth International Conference on, 2013, pp. 88-93.
 
[63]  J.-Y. Kim and H.-K. Choi, “An efficient and versatile key management protocol for secure smart grid communications,” in Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2012 IEEE, 2012, pp. 1823-1828.
 
[64]  W. Dapeng and Z. Chi, “Fault-Tolerant and Scalable Key Management for Smart Grid,” Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 2, pp. 375-381, 2011.
 
[65]  H. Nicanfar, P. Jokar, and V. C. M. Leung, “Smart grid authentication and key management for unicast and multicast communications,” in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Asia (ISGT), 2011 IEEE PES, 2011, pp. 1-8.
 
[66]  Gyorgy Dan, King-Shan Lui, Rehana Tabassum, Quanyan Zhu, and Klara Nahrstedt3, “SELINDA: A Secure, Scalable and Light-Weight Data Collection Protocol for Smart Grids,” IEEE Smartgridcomm 2013 Symposium-smart grid cybersecurity and privacy pp. 480-485, 2013.
 
[67]  Fangming Zhao, Yoshikazu Hanatani, Yuichi Komano, Ben Smyth, Satoshi Ito, Tom Kambayashi, “Secure Authenticated Key Exchange with Revocation for Smart Grid”. IEEE. 2011.
 
[68]  H. Nicanfar and V. C. M. Leung, “Password-authenticated cluster-based group key agreement for smart grid communication,” security and communication networks vol. 2, pp. 221-233, 2014.
 
[69]  Kuan Zhang, Rongxing Lu, Xiaohui Liang, Jian Qiao, and Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, “ PARK: A Privacy-preserving Aggregation Scheme with Adaptive Key Management for Smart Grid,” IEEE/CIC international conference on communication in china (ICCC): QRS: QOS, Reliability and security, 2013, pp. 236-241.
 
[70]  Depeng Li, Zeyar Aung, John R. Williams & Abel Sanchez,” No peeking: privacy-preserving demand response system in smart grids,” International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems (2013).
 
[71]  J. Kamto, L. Qian, J. Fuller, J. Attia, “Light-weight key distribution and management for Advanced Metering Infrastructure”, IEEE International Workshop on Smart Grid Communications and Networks, 2011.
 
[72]  J. Kamto, L. Qian, J. Fuller, J. Attia and Y. Qian, “Key Distribution and Management for Power Aggregation and Accountability in Advance Metering Infrastructure,” IEEE Smartgridcomm 2012 Symposium-cybersecurity and privacy, pp. 360-365. 2012.
 
[73]  S.H. Seo, X. Ding and E. Bertino, “Encryption Key Management for Secure Communication in Smart Advanced Metering Infrastructures,” IEEE Smartgridcomm 2013 Symposium-cybersecurity and privacy, pp. 498-503. 2013.
 
[74]  H. Nicanfar, P. Jokar, K. Beznosov, and V. C. M. Leung, “Efficient Authentication and key management mechanisms for smart grid communications”, IEEE systems journal 2013.
 
[75]  M. Badra and S. Zeadally, “Design and Performance Analysis of a virtual ring architecture for smart grid privacy”, IEEE transactions on information forensics and security, vol. 9, no. 2, 2014.
 
[76]  M. Nabeel, S. Kerr, X. Ding, E. Bertino, “ Authentication and Key Management for Advanced Metering Infrastructures Utilizing Physically Unclonable Functions”, IEEE Smartgridcomm 2012 Symposium-cybersecurity and privacy. pp. 324-329.
 
[77]  B. Gassend, D. Clarke, M. van Dijk, and S. Devadas, “Silicon physical random functions,” in CCS ’02. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2002, pp. 148-160.
 
[78]  X. Long, D. Tipper, and Y. Qian, “An Advanced Key Management Scheme for Secure Smart Grid Communications”, IEEE Smartgridcomm 2013 Symposium-cybersecurity and privacy. pp. 504-509.
 
[79]  P. V. Jasud, M. D. Katkar, S. D. Kamble, “Authentication Mechanism for Smart Grid Network International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE).
 
[80]  M. Ibrahim, M. M. Salama, “Smart distribution system volt/VAR control using distributed intelligence and wireless communication” in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 9 (4), 2015, 307-318.
 
[81]  Bashar Alohali, Madjid Merabti, and Kashif Kifayat “Key Management in Smart Grid: A Survey”, ISBN: 978-1-902560-27-4.