Renal Cell Carcinoma: Insights into Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Management

Ahmed M. Kabel^{1, 2,} , Ftoon Zamzami³, Manal Al-Talhi³, Khairiyah Al-Dwila³ and Raghad Habib³

¹Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, KSA

²Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

³Pharm D student, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, KSA

Cite this paper:
Ahmed M. Kabel, Ftoon Zamzami, Manal Al-Talhi, Khairiyah Al-Dwila and Raghad Habib. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Insights into Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Management. Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment. 2017; 5(1):15-19. doi: 10.12691/jcrt-5-1-3

Abstract

In the last decade, there is an increasing incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) worldwide. Most patients with RCC are diagnosed late with advanced stages of the disease which are often refractory to treatment and associated with poor prognosis. Management of RCC has changed greatly over the past years. Progress in the surgical management of the primary tumor and increased understanding of the molecular biology of the disease have led to the development of new therapeutic lines. This mini-review sheds light on the risk factors, the clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis and the up-to-date lines of management of RCC.

Keywords:
kidney carcinoma diagnosis management

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Cairns P. Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Biomarkers 2011; 9(1-6): 461-73.
[2]	Hu SL, Chang A, Perazella MA, Okusa MD, Jaimes EA, Weiss RH. The Nephrologist's Tumor: Basic Biology and Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27(8): 2227-37.
[3]	Alkhateeb SS, Alkhateeb JM, Alrashidi EA. Increasing trends in kidney cancer over the last 2 decades in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal 2015;36(6):698-703.
[4]	Rao P, Monzon F, Jonasch E, Matin SF, Tamboli P. Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma in patients with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome--clinicopathological features and comparative genomic analysis of 3 cases. Hum Pathol 2014; 45(9):1966-72.
[5]	Muglia VF, Prando A. Renal cell carcinoma: histological classification and correlation with imaging findings. Radiologia Brasileira 2015; 48(3): 166-74.
[6]	Udasimath S, Niranjan J, Puruhotham R, Nagesha KR. Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma in a 23 year old female. Urol Ann 2016; 8(4): 506-8.
[7]	Cote ML, Colt JS, Schwartz KL, et al. Cigarette smoking and renal cell carcinoma risk among black and white Americans: effect modification by hypertension and obesity. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention: a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 2012; 21(5): 770-9.
[8]	Kabel AM. Free Radicals and Antioxidants: Role of Enzymes and Nutrition. World Journal of Nutrition and Health 2014; 2(3):35-8.
[9]	Chow W-H, Dong LM, Devesa SS. Epidemiology and risk factors for kidney cancer. Nature reviews Urology 2010; 7(5):245-57.
[10]	Colt JS, Schwartz K, Graubard BI, Davis F, Ruterbusch J, DiGaetano R, et al. Hypertension and risk of renal cell carcinoma among white and black Americans. Epidemiology 2011; 22(6): 797-804.
[11]	Karami S, Daughtery SE, Schwartz K, Davis FG, Ruterbusch JJ, Wacholder S, et al. Analgesic use and risk of renal cell carcinoma: A case-control, cohort and meta-analytic assessment. Int J Cancer 2016; 139(3): 584-92.
[12]	Kabel AM, Abd Elmaaboud MA. Cancer: Role of Nutrition, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management. World Journal of Nutrition and Health 2014; 2(4): 48-51.
[13]	Kruck S, Scharpf M, Stenzl A, Bedke J. A Rare Case of Synchronous Renal Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Presenting With Gross Hematuria. Rare Tumors. 2013;5(2):72-4.
[14]	Moreira DM, Gershman B, Lohse CM, Boorjian SA, Cheville JC, Leibovich BC, et al. Paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with adverse prognosis among patients with renal cell carcinoma undergoing nephrectomy. World J Urol 2016; 34(10): 1465-72.
[15]	Chan DY, Chua WJ. A Rare Subcutaneous Manifestation of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Case Rep Surg 2016; 2016: 6453975.
[16]	Wendel C, Campitiello M, Plastino F, Eid N, Hennequin L, Quétin P, et al. Pituitary Metastasis from Renal Cell Carcinoma: Description of a Case Report. Am J Case Rep 2017; 18: 7-11.
[17]	Nathan P, Vinayan A. Imaging techniques as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology 2013; 5(2): 119-31.
[18]	Pallwein-Prettner L, Flöry D, Rotter CR, Pogner K, Syré G, Fellner C, et al. Assessment and characterisation of common renal masses with CT and MRI. Insights into Imaging 2011; 2(5): 543-56.
[19]	Wu Y, Kwon YS, Labib M, Foran DJ, Singer EA. Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Biomarker for Renal Cell Carcinoma. Disease Markers 2015; 2015: 648495.
[20]	Reznek RH. CT/MRI in staging renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Imaging 2004;4 Spec No A:S25-32.
[21]	Kocak M, Sudakoff GS, Erickson S, Begun F, Datta M. Using MR angiography for surgical planning in pelvic kidney renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177(3): 659-60.
[22]	Caoili EM, Davenport MS. Role of Percutaneous Needle Biopsy for Renal Masses. Seminars in Interventional Radiology 2014; 31(1): 20-6.
[23]	Shea MW. A Proposal for a Targeted Screening Program for Renal Cancer. Frontiers in Oncology 2013; 3:207.
[24]	Nishioka K, Fujimaki M, Kanai K, Ishiguro Y, Nakazato T, Tanaka R, Yokoyama K, Hattori N. Demyelinating Peripheral Neuropathy Due to Renal Cell Carcinoma. Intern Med 2017; 56(1): 101-4.
[25]	Krabbe L-M, Bagrodia A, Margulis V, Wood CG. Surgical Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Seminars in Interventional Radiology 2014; 31(1): 27-32.
[26]	Maroni P, Moss J. Nephron-Sparing Surgery. Seminars in Interventional Radiology 2014; 31(1): 104-6.
[27]	Ramanathan R, Leveillee RJ. Ablative therapies for renal tumors. Therapeutic Advances in Urology 2010;2(2):51-68.
[28]	Chen DYT, Uzzo RG. Optimal management of localized renal cell carcinoma: Surgery, Ablation or Active Surveillance. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2009; 7(6): 635-43.
[29]	Cho DC. Therapeutic challenges in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Clin pract (Lond) 2013; 10(1): 39-46.
[30]	Grimm M-O, Wolff I, Zastrow S, Fröhner M, Wirth M. Advances in renal cell carcinoma treatment. Ther Adv Urol 2010; 2(1): 11-7.
[31]	Gill D, Hahn AW, Sonpavde G, Agarwal N. Immunotherapy of advanced renal cell carcinoma: Current and future therapies. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016; 12 (12): 2997-3004.
[32]	Hanzly M, Aboumohamed A, Yarlagadda N, Creighton T, Digiorgio L, Fredrick A, et al. High-dose interleukin-2 therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a contemporary experience. Urology 2014; 83(5): 1129-34.
[33]	Mennitto A, Grassi P, Ratta R, Verzoni E, Prisciandaro M, Procopio G. Nivolumab in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: clinical trial evidence and experience. Ther Adv Urol 2016; 8(5): 319-26.
[34]	Ornstein MC, Rini BI. The safety and efficacy of nivolumab for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16(6): 577-84.
[35]	Tan X, Liu Y, Hou J, Cao G. Targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma in Chinese patients: focus on everolimus. Onco Targets ther 2015; 8: 313-21.
[36]	Albiges L, Salem M, Rini B, Escudier B. Vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapies in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2011;25(4):813-33.
[37]	Bailey ST, Zhou B, Damrauer JS, Krishnan B, Wilson HL, Smith AM, et al. mTOR inhibition induces compensatory, therapeutically targetable MEK activation in renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9(9): e104413.
[38]	Cho I-C, Chung J. Current Status of Targeted Therapy for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. Korean J Urol 2012; 53(4): 217-28.
[39]	Finley DS, Pantuck AJ, Belldegrun AS. Tumor Biology and Prognostic Factors in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Oncologist 2011; 16(Suppl 2): 4-13.
[40]	Sunela KL, Kataja MJ, Lehtinen ET, Salminen TK, Kujala PM, Virman JP, et al. Prognostic factors and long-term survival in renal cell cancer patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2009; 43(6): 454-60.
[41]	Grivas N, Kafarakis V, Tsimaris I, Raptis P, Hastazeris K, Stavropoulos NE. Clinico-pathological prognostic factors of renal cell carcinoma: A 15-year review from a single center in Greece. Urol Ann 2014; 6(2): 116-21.
[42]	Assi HI, Patenaude F, Toumishey E, Ross L, Abdelsalam M, Reiman T. A simple prognostic model for overall survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Can Urol Assoc J 2016; 10(3-4): 113-9.
[43]	Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, Zincke H, Frank I, Kwon ED, et al. A scoring algorithm to predict survival for patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. J Urol 2005; 174(5): 1759-63.