Anxiety and Pain Level Associated with Mammography and the Impact of the Preexistence of Knowledge

Faten Aldhafeeri¹ and Manal Tharwat Abozeed^2,

¹Department of Radiology, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hafr Albatin, KSA

²Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hafr Albatin, Medical Surgical Nursing, Mansoura University Egypt

Cite this paper:
Faten Aldhafeeri and Manal Tharwat Abozeed. Anxiety and Pain Level Associated with Mammography and the Impact of the Preexistence of Knowledge. Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment. 2020; 8(2):25-32. doi: 10.12691/jcrt-8-2-4

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, after skin cancer. Early detection and treatment are recommended for reducing mortality and suffering. However, screening behaviors are often avoided for many reasons, such as anxiety and stress. Mammography screening is the main recommended test for the early detection of breast cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, level of pain, and stress in women during the early screening of breast cancer with a mammogram. Materials and methods: This study has been approved by the Local Research Ethics Committee. The study was conducted at Hafr Elbatin Central Hospital in Saudi Arabi among 100 women. Data were collected via a structured interview questionnaire before and immediately after the mammography procedure. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: (1) sociodemographic data and knowledge about the mammogram examination, (2) pain scale, and (3) anxiety scale. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: A total of 75% (n=75) of the women reported moderate to severe pain during the mammogram examination. Up to 57% (n=57) of the women expressed severe anxiety about the mammogram procedure. Most of the women-85% (n=85)-were found to have poor knowledge related to mammograms and mammogram preparation. There was a strong correlation between pain before and during the mammogram procedure, P-Value (0.00001*) with Chi-squared (33.40) and a highly significant correlation between satisfactory and unsatisfactory knowledge in women's P-Value (0.00001*) with z test (6.57). A poor knowledge about breast cancer was detected in the overall studied women and those who had never undergone mammography, particularly knowledge related to the risk factors for breast cancer. The most important predictors of the barriers to mammography were incorrect beliefs about mammography and its procedures. Conclusion: Pain expectations can be approached in various ways to make the mammography experience much more tolerable for women, thereby encouraging them to attend and return for their scans. It was determined that women who had mammography had a moderate level of anxiety.

Keywords:
mammography breast cancer pain anxiety

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Alimoglu, E., et al., Mamografi çekimine bagli agri ve kaygi. Tani Girisim Radyol, 2004: p. 213-7.
[2]	Smith, R.A., et al., American Cancer Society guidelines for breast cancer screening: update 2003. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 2003. 53(3): p. 141-169.
[3]	Humphrey, L.L., et al., Breast cancer screening: a summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of internal medicine, 2002. 137(5_Part_1): p. 347-360.
[4]	Tabar, L. and P. Dean, Mammography and breast cancer: the new era. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2003. 82(3): p. 319-326.
[5]	Henrich, R., et al., Mammography quality control manual: Patient positioning and compression. American College of Radiology, 1999: p. 30-75.
[6]	Mandelblatt, J.S. and K. Yabroff, Breast and cervical cancer screening for older women: recommendations and challenges for the 21st century. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association (1972), 2000. 55(4): p. 210-215.
[7]	O'Malley, M.S., et al., The association of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and physician recommendation for mammography: who gets the message about breast cancer screening? American Journal of Public Health, 2001. 91(1): p. 49.
[8]	Lampic, C., et al., Short-and long-term anxiety and depression in women recalled after breast cancer screening. European Journal of Cancer, 2001. 37(4): p. 463-469.
[9]	Society, A.C. Cancer facts & figures 2018 [cited 2020 30/03/2020]; Available from: http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF_finalPWsecured. pdf.
[10]	Karcaaltincaba, M., et al., Kontrast madde bilgi formlarının hasta anksiyetesi üzerine etkisi. Diagn Interv Radiol, 2003. 9: p. 10-13.
[11]	Society, A.C. Breast Cancer Detailed Guide 2014. 2014 [cited 2020 30/03/2020]; Available from: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/ documents/webcontent/003090-pdf.
[12]	SCAF-KLOMP, W., E. VAN SONDEREN, and W. VAN DEN HEUVEL, Compliance after 17 years of breast cancer screening: factors associated with reattendance for periodic breast screening. The European Journal of Public Health, 1997. 7(2): p. 182-187.
[13]	Bleyer, A. and H.G. Welch, Effect of three decades of screening mammography on breast-cancer incidence. New England Journal of Medicine, 2012. 367(21): p. 1998-2005.
[14]	Steadman, L. and D. Rutter, Belief importance and the theory of planned behaviour: Comparing modal and ranked modal beliefs in predicting attendance at breast screening. British journal of health psychology, 2004. 9(4): p. 447-463.
[15]	Force, U.P.S.T., Screening for breast cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of internal medicine, 2009. 151(10): p. 716.
[16]	Güçlü, S. and R.S. Tabak, IMPACT OF HEALTH EDUCATION ON IMPROVING WOMEN'S KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF BREAST CANCER AND BREAST SELF EXAMINATION. Meme Sagligi Dergisi/Journal of Breast Health, 2013. 9(1).
[17]	Almutlaq, B.A., et al., Breast cancer in Saudi Arabia and its possible risk factors. Journal of cancer policy, 2017. 12: p. 83-89.
[18]	Liberman, L. and J.H. Menell, Breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS). Radiologic Clinics, 2002. 40(3): p. 409-430.
[19]	Keemers-Gels, M., et al., Pain experienced by women attending breast cancer screening. Breast cancer research and treatment, 2000. 60(3): p. 235-240.
[20]	Group, C.H.C.E.I.W., Report from the Evaluation Indicators Working Group: Guidelines for Monitoring Breast Screening Program Performance. 2007: Public Health Agency of Canada.
[21]	Iacconi, C., et al., Multicentric cancer detected at breast MR imaging and not at mammography: important or not? Radiology, 2016. 279(2): p. 378-384.
[22]	Brunton, M., C. Jordan, and I. Campbell, Anxiety before, during, and after participation in a population-based screening mammography programme in Waikato Province, New Zealand. 100 Years Ago in the NZMJ, 2005. 118(1209): p. 1.
[23]	Mainiero, M.B., et al., Mammography-related anxiety: effect of preprocedural patient education. Women's Health Issues, 2001. 11(2): p. 110-115.
[24]	Bölükbaş, N., N. Erbil, and A.N. Kahraman, Determination of the anxiety level of women who present for mammography. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2010. 11: p. 495-498.
[25]	Hafslund, B., Mammography and the experience of pain and anxiety. Radiography, 2000. 6(4): p. 269-272.