Presence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Fern from Tailing Deposition Area of Gold Mine in Timika, Indonesia

Suharno^1, , Rina Sri Kasiamdari², Endang Sutariningsih Soetarto³ and Retno Peni Sancayaningsih⁴

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Cenderawasih, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia

²Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta

³Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta

⁴Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta

Cite this paper:
Suharno, Rina Sri Kasiamdari, Endang Sutariningsih Soetarto and Retno Peni Sancayaningsih. Presence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Fern from Tailing Deposition Area of Gold Mine in Timika, Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation & Biodegradation. 2016; 4(1):1-7. doi: 10.12691/ijebb-4-1-1

Abstract

Detection of the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on marginal land within degrading reclamation effort land is very important to support the success of such reclamation. The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of AMF in the root rhizosphere of fern plants Equisetum debile, Pteris radicans, and Nephrolepis hirsutula that grow in the tailing area of gold mine Timika. The study used a survey method to isolate AMF from the root rhizosphere of fern plants in the gold mine tailing deposition area of the Modified Ajkwa Deposition Area (ModADA) of PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI) in Mimika Regency, Papua, Indonesia. AMF infection was tested using a trypan blue staining method, while the calculation of the percentage of infection was carried out by a slide method. The presence of AMF spores was detected by a wet sieving method. The results of the study showed that there were AMFs in the root rhizosphere of the three types of fern. However, based on the observation of infection of the plant root system, there were only P. radicans indicating to interact with AMF, while E. debile and N. hirsutula were not associated with AMF. There were 54. 44% of infection at the root rhizosphere found in P. radicans and number of spores ranged from 8 to 12 per 10 g of soil samples. Although there were no infection of AMF on the root rhizosphere of E. debile and N. hirsutula, however there were 4.33 and 11 spores per 10 g of soil samples of both plant rhizosphere respectively. Based on morphology, it can be identified that the types of AMF were member of genus Scutelospora, Glomus, Claroideoglomus, and Acaulospora.

Keywords:
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Tailings Ferns Gold Mine Timika

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Dodd, J.C. “The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agro-and natural Ecosystems”, Agriculture, 29(1). 63-70. 2000.
[2]	Smith, S.E. and Read, D. Mycorrhizal symbiosis, Third Edition. Academic Press, Elsevier. New York. 2008.
[3]	Upadhyaya, H., Panda, S.K., Bhattacharjee, M.K. and Dutta, S. “Role arbuscular mycorrhiza in heavy metal tolerance in plants: Prospect for phytoremediation”, J. Phytol, 2(7). 16-27. 2010.
[4]	Cabral, L., Soares, C.R., Giachini, A.J. and Siqueira, J.O. “Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation of contaminated areas by trace elements: mechanisms and major benefits of their applications”, World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 31(11). 1655-1664. 2015.
[5]	Gosling, P., Jones, J. and Bending, G.D. “Evidence for functional redundancy in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and implications for agroecosystem management”, Mycorrhiza, 1-7. 2015.
[6]	Garg, N. and Chandel, S. “Arbuscular mycorrhizal networks: process and function: A review”, Agron. Sustain. Dev., 30. 581-599. 2010.
[7]	Köhl, L., Lukasiewicz, C.E. and van der Heijden, M.G. “Establishment and effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils”, Plant Cell Environ. 39(1). 136-146. 2015.
[8]	Yang, Y., Liang, Y., Ghosh, A., Song, Y., Chen, H. and Tang, M. “Assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi status and heavy metal accumulation characteristics of tree species in a lead-zinc mine area: potential applications for phytoremediation”, Environ Sci Pollut Res Int., 22(17): 13179-13193. 2015.
[9]	Khan A.G. “Mycorhizoremediation–an enhanced form of phyto-remediation”. J Zhejiang Univ Science B., 7(7). 503-514. 2006.
[10]	Suharno and Sancayaningsih, R.P. “Fungi mikoriza arbuskula: potensi teknologi mikorizoremediasi logam berat dalam rehabilitasi lahan tambang”, Bioteknologi, 10(1). 31-42. 2013.
[11]	Watkins, J.E., Mack, M.C., Sinclair, T.R. and Mulkey, S.S. “Ecological and evolutionary consequences of desiccation tolerance in tropical fern gametophytes”, New Phytol, 176. 708-717. 2007.
[12]	Krings, M., Taylor, T.N., Hass, H., Kerp, H., Dotzler, N. and Hermsen, E.J. “An alternative mode of early land plant colonization by putative endomycorrhizal fungi”, Plant Signal. Behav, 2(2). 125-126. 2007.
[13]	Lee, P.-H., Lin, T.-T. and Chiou, W.-L. “Phenology of 16 species of ferns in a subtropical forest of northeastern Taiwan”, J Plant Res., 12. 61-67. 2009.
[14]	Neumann, E. and George, E. Nutrient uptake: The arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal symbiosis as a plant nutrient acquisition strategy. In: Koltai, H., and Y. Kapulnik (Eds). Mycorrhizas: Physiology and Function. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. London. pp: 137-167. 2010.
[15]	Redecker, D., Schüßler, A., Stockinger, H., Stürmer, S.L., Morton, J.B. and Walker, C. “An evidence-based consensus for the classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota)”, Mycorrhiza, 23. 515-531. 2013.
[16]	Zhi-Wei, Z., “The arbuscular mycorrhizas of pteridophytes in Yunan, Southwest China: Evolutionery interpretations”, Mycorrhiza, 10: 145-149. 2000.
[17]	Boullard, B. La mycotrophiéchez les ptéridophytes. Sa frequence, ses caractéres, sa signification. Doctoral Thesis. Université de Caes, Bourdeux. 1958.
[18]	Cooper, K.M. “A field survey of VA mycorrhizas in New Zealand ferns”, New Zeal. J. Bot., 14. 169-181. 1976.
[19]	Tan, J.-M., Qiu, Y.-H., Tan, X.-Q., Tan, C.-H. and Xiao, K. “Chemical constituents of Equisetum debile”. J. Asian Nat. Prod Res, 13(9). 811-816. 2011.
[20]	Anonimous, Syntype of Pteris radicans var. javanica Alderw. [family PTERIDACEAE]. JSTOR. 2014. http://plants.jstor.org/ specimen/bm000592335#close. 2014.
[21]	Samecka-Cymerman, A., Kolon, K., Mróz, L. and Kempers, A.J. “Bioindicative comparison of the fern Athyrium distentifolium for trace pollution in the Sudety and Tatra mountains of Poland”, Environ. Monit. Assess, 184. 6357-6365. 2012.
[22]	Khan, M.I., Ahmad, M., Khan, R.A., Ullah, A., Rehman, S. and Ullah, B. “Phytotoxic, antioxidant and antifungal activity of crude methanolic extract of Equisetum debile”, Int. J. Biosci., 3(8). 130-135. 2013.
[23]	Wright, C.I., Van-Buren, L., Kroner, C.I. and Koning, M.M.G. “Herbal medicines as diuretics: A review of the scientific evidence”, J. Ethnopharmacol, 114(1). 1-31. 2007.
[24]	Sarkar, B., Raihan, S.M.A., Sultana, N., Rahman, R., Islam, M.E., Ahmed, S. and Akter, S. “Cytotoxic, antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity studies of the solvent extracts of aerial stems of Equisetum debile Roxb”, Int. J. Chem. Sci., 10(1). 19-26. 2012.
[25]	Kilmaskossu, M.St., Sadsoetoeboen, M.J., Prabawardani, S. dan Tubur, H. Studi pemilihan 20 jenis tanaman tumbuh terbaik di ModADA –PT Freeport Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Hasil–Hasil Penelitian Kerjasama PTFI dan UNIPA. Manokwari, 21-22 September 2010, pp: 35-48. 2011.
[26]	Puradyatmika, P., Sinaga, N. dan Eddy, S. Keanekaragaman hayati suksesi alami di kawasan pengendapan pasir sisa tambang (tailing) PT Freeport Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Hasil–hasil Penelitan Kerjasama PTFI dan UNIPA. pp: 63-87. 2011.
[27]	Puradyatmika, P. and Prewitt, J.M. Tailings reclamation trials at PT. Freeport Indonesia in Mimika, Papua, Indonesia. Proceeding of the Sevent International Conference on Mine Closure. Brisbane, [Australia], 25-27 September 2012. pp: 173-186. 2012.
[28]	Suharno, Sancayaningsih, R.P., Soetarto, E.S., dan Kasiamdari, R.S. “Keberadaan fungi mikoriza arbuskula di kawasan tailing tambang emas Timika, Papua sebagai upaya rehabilitasi lahan ramah lingkungan”, J. Manusia dan Lingkungan, 21(3). 295-303. 2014.
[29]	Brundrett, M.C., Piche, Y. and Peterson, R.L. “A New method for observing the morphology of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae”, Can. J. Bot., 62. 2128-2134. 1984.
[30]	Vierheilig, H., Schweiger, P. and Brundrett, M. “An overview of methods for the detection and observation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots”, Physiol. Plant, 125. 393-404. 2005.
[31]	Giovannetti, M. and Mosse, B. “An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular–arbuscular infection in roots”, New Phytol., 84. 489-500. 1980.
[32]	Berch, S.M. and Kendrick, B. “Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae of Southern Ontario ferns and ferns–allies”, Mycologia, 74(5). 769-776. 1982.
[33]	Kovács, G.M., Balázs, T. and Pénzes, Z. “Molecular study of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing the sporophyte of the eusporangiate rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum, Ophioglossaceae)”, Mycorrhiza, 17. 597-605. 2007.
[34]	Brundrett, M. “Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations”, Biol. Rev., 79. 473-495. 2004.
[35]	Khade, S.W. and Rodriguez, B.F. “Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with some pteridophyta from Western Ghat region of Goa”, Trop. Ecol, 43(2). 251-256. 2002.
[36]	Vezina, M.M., Yonli, H., Campacnac, E., Baudrand, J., Sanon, K. and Khasa, D.P. Root symbionts: A tool for remediation of gold mine taillings. (Eds: A.B. Fourie & M. Tibbett). Proceedings of the Sevent International Conference on Mine Closure. Brisbanne, Australia. September 25-27, 2012. pp: 187-194. 2012.
[37]	Brundrett, M. “Mycorrhizas in natural ecosystem”, Adv. Ecol. Res, 21. 171-313. 1991.
[38]	Setiadi, Y. and Setiawan, A. “Studi status fungi mikoriza arbuskula di areal rehabilitasi pasca penambangan nikel (Studi kasus PT. INCO Tbk. Sorowako, Sulawesi Selatan)”, J. Silvikultur Tropika, 3(1). 88-95. 2011.
[39]	Khan A.G. “Role of soil microbes in rizhospheres of plants growing on trace metal contaminated soils in phytoremediation”, J. Trace Elem Med Biol, 18. 355-364. 2005.
[40]	Krishnamoorthy, R., Kim, C.-G., Subramanian, P., Kim, K.-Y., Selvakumar, G. and Sa, T.-M. “Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Community Structure, Abundance and Species Richness Changes in Soil by Different Levels of Heavy Metal and Metalloid Concentration”, PLoSOne. 10(6). e0128784. 2015.
[41]	Utobo, E.B., Ogbodo, E.N. and Nwogboga, A.C. “Techniques for extraction and quantification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi”, Libyan Agric. Res. Cen. J. Intl., 2(2). 68-78. 2011.
[42]	Cuenca, G. and Lovera, M. “Seasonal variation and distribution at different soil depths of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores in a tropical sclerophyllous shrubland”, Botany, 88. 54-64. 2010.
[43]	Al-Yahya’ei, M.N., Oehl, F., Vallino, M., Lumini, E., Redecker, D., Wiemken, A. and Bonfante, P. “Unique arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities uncovered in date palm plantations and surrounding desert habitats of Southern Arabia”, Mycorrhiza, 21. 195-209. 2011.
[44]	Prasetyo B., Krisnayanti, B.D., Utomo, W.H. and Anderson, C.W.N. “Rehabilitation of artisanal mining gold land in West Lombok, Indonesia. 2. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza status of tailings and surrounding soils”, J. Agric. Sci., 2(2). 202-209. 2010.
[45]	Tabrizi, L., Mohammadi, S., Delshad, M. and Zadeh, B.M. “Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on yield and phytoremediation performance of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under heavy metals stress”, Int J Phytoremediation, 17(12): 1244-1252. 2015.
[46]	Ijdo, M., S. Cranenbrouck, S. and Declerck, S. “Methods for large-scale production of AM fungi: past, present, and future”, Mycorrhiza, 21. 1-16. 2011.