Assessment of Heavy Metals Bioremediation Potential of Microbial Consortia from Poultry Litter and Spent Oil Contaminated Site

G.O. Adams^1, , P. Tawari -Fufeyin¹, E. Igelenyah¹ and E. Odukoya²

¹Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Edo State Nigeria

²Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Lagos State Nigeria

Cite this paper:
G.O. Adams, P. Tawari -Fufeyin, E. Igelenyah and E. Odukoya. Assessment of Heavy Metals Bioremediation Potential of Microbial Consortia from Poultry Litter and Spent Oil Contaminated Site. International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation & Biodegradation. 2014; 2(2):84-92. doi: 10.12691/ijebb-2-2-6

Abstract

Heavy metals are high density metallic chemicals that are potentially toxic at low concentrations and present a danger to human and environmental health. This study was conducted to ascertain the efficiency of microorganisms present in animal wastes in bioremediation of heavy metals present in spent engine oil contaminated soil. Spent engine oil impacted soil was excavated from a mechanic workshop in Ugbowo, Edo State, Nigeria and transported to the laboratory in a plastic container. Air dried spent engine soil samples were homogenized and measured into four plastic buckets used as test cells (1 kg each) and mixed thoroughly with poultry manure in a soil to manure ratio of 80% weight of soil to 20% weight of manure, 70% weight of soil to 30% weight of manure and 60% weight of soil to 40% weight of manure and labeled as PL 20%+SEOCS (Poultry Litter + Spent Engine Oil Contaminated Soil), PL 30%+SEOCS and PL 40%+SEOCS and CONTROL respectively. The study lasted ten (10) weeks and analytes were obtained on a weekly basis for soil pH, microbial counts, and heavy metals analysis. Results obtained indicate that pH was 6.9 in control soil initially while it ranged from 8.1 (Week 1 PL 20% +SEOCS) to 8.4 (Week 7 PL 20% SEOCS) for the treatment categories. The differences in pH between treatment categories and control were not statistically significant (P<0.05). Initial soil moisture content was 2% which was improved after watering to 17.8% (lowest) in PL 30%+SEOCS and 18.4% (highest) in PL 40% +SEOCS. Moisture content in control sample was 18.9%. The difference moisture content in all treatment categories were not statistically significant (p<0.05). Microorganisms identified in poultry litter and spent engine oil contaminated soil were; Pseudomonas Spp, Enterococcus Spp, Micrococcus Spp, Corynebacterium Spp, Arthobacter Spp, Klebsiella Spp, Acinetobacter Spp, Bacillus Spp, Penicillum Spp, Sachoromyces Spp, Mould and Trichoderma Spp. Heavy metal analysis indicate that Arsenic (mg/kg) in the control sample had 2.73% reduction, compared to 26.6%, 32.5% and 41.17% for PL 20%+SEOCS, PL 30%+SEOCS and PL 40%+SEOCS, respectively. Barium in the control sample had 6.28% reduction compared to 35.9%, 11.1% and 64.21% for PL20%+SEOCS, PL 30% +SEOCS, and PL 40%+SEOCS respectively. There was no significant difference between PL 30%+SEOCS and control while reduction in PL 20%+SEOCS and PL 40% +SEOCS was significantly different from control (P<0.05). Cadmium in the control sample had a drop of 25% while PL 20%+SEOCS, PL 30%+SEOCS and PL 40% +SEOCS had <0%, 38% and 33.3% reduction respectively. Cadmium reduction in the treatment categories was not significantly different from the control. Chromium in the control sample had 20% reduction while there was 26%, 58.06% and 46.57% reduction in the PL 20%+SEOCS, PL 30% +SEOCS and PL 40%+SEOCS respectively, there was a significant reduction in the concentration of Chromium. Cobalt in the control sample reduced by 5.86%; it had reduction of 53.3%, 56.0% and 61.4% in PL 20%+SEOCS, PL 30% +SEOCS and PL 40%+SEOCS respectively. Reductions in all treatment categories were significantly different from the control (<0.05). Lead (mg/kg) in the control reduced by 2.70% while in the treatment categories, PL 20%+SEOCS, PL 30%+SEOCS and PL 40%+SEOCS, had 15.3%, 24.06% and 34.5% reduction respectively. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of Lead (P<0.05) when compared with the control. The research findings indicate that bioremediation using growing microorganisms present in contaminated soil and animal wastes can reduce the concentration of heavy metals in soil. The research can further be implemented in a pilot scale study and subsequently on spent oil contaminated sites.

Keywords:
heavy metals bioremediation poultry litter heavy metals spent engine oil contaminated soils

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	APHA. (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edition. American Public Health Association, Baltimore.
[2]	Bade, R. Sanghwa, O and Won, S. (2012). Assessment of metal bioavailability in smelter contaminated soil before and after lime ammendment. Journal of Ecotoxicology And Environmental Safety. Elsevier. Pp 1-9.
[3]	Baillet, F, Magnin, J.P, Cheruy, A, and Ozil P. (1997). Cadmium tolerance and uptake by a Thiobacillus ferrooxidans biomass. Environ Technol; 18: 631-8.
[4]	Baker, A.J.M., Reeves, R.D. and Hajar, (2006). Heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in British populations of the metallophyte thlaspi caemulescens J and C presl (Bassicaceae) Wiley online library. P. 19.
[5]	Beyenal H, Lewandowski Z. (2004). Dynamics of lead immobilization in sulfate reducing biofilms. Water Research. 38 (11): 2726-2736.
[6]	Bhide, J.V, Dhakephalkar, P.K. and Paknikar, K.M (1996) Microbiological process for the removal of Cr (VI) from chromate-bearing cooling tower effluent. Biotechnol. Lett., 18 (1996), pp. 667-672.
[7]	Boricha, H., and Fulekar, M.F., (2009) “Pseudomonas plecoglossicida as a novel organism for the bioremediation of cypermethrin.” Biology and Medicine, 1. 1-10.
[8]	Bucher, J.R., Elwell, M.R., Thompson, M.B., Chou, B.J., Renne, R., and Ragan, H.A. (1990). Inhalation toxicity studies of cobalt sulphate in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 15: 357-372.
[9]	Chatterjee, M, Canario, J.,Sarkar, S.K, Brancho, A. Bhattacharya, K and S. Saha, (2009) Mercury enrichments in core sediments in Sunderban mangroves, northeastern part of Bay of Bengal and their ecotoxicological significance, Environmental Geology, 2009, 57: 1125-1134.
[10]	Cheung, K.C., Poon, B.H.T., Lan, C, Y, and Wong,M.H., (20030. Assessment of metal and nutrient concentrations in river water and sediment collected from the cities in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Chemosphere, 52 (9): 1431-1440.
[11]	Corder, S.L., Reeves, M. (1994). Biosorption of nickel in complex aqueous waste streams by Cyanobacteria. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 45/46: 847-859.
[12]	Donmez G, Aksu Z. (1999). The effect of copper (II) ions on growth and bioaccumulation properties of some yeasts. Process Biochem. 35: 135-42.
[13]	Ekundayo, J A; Aisueni, N; Benka-Coker, M.O. (1989). The Effects of drilling fluids in some waste and burrow pits in western operational areas of Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited on the soil and water quality of the areas. Environmental Consultancy Service Group, Consultancy Services Unit, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
[14]	Evanko, C.R. and Dzombak, D. (1997). Remediation of metals contaminated soils and ground water. Ground water remediation technologies analysis center, Pittsburg USA. Pp. 1-48.
[15]	Fourest, E., Canal, C. and Roux, J.C. (1994). Improvement of heavy metal biosorption by mycelial dead biomasses (Rhizopus arrhizus, Mucor miehei and Penicillium chrysogenum): pH control and cationic activation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 14: 325-32.
[16]	Katarina, C., Darina, S., Vladimir, K., Miloslava, P., Jana, H., Andrea Puškrov, B., Ferianc, P., (2004). Identification and characterization of eight cadmium resistant bacterial isolates from a cadmium-contaminated sewage sludge, Biologia. Bratislava. 59: 817-827.
[17]	Kratochvil, D. and Volesky, B. (1997). Biosorption of heavy metals. Water Resources Journal. Pp. 1-24.
[18]	Macaskie, L.E., Empson, R.M., Cheetham, A.K., Grey, C.P. and Skarnulis, A.J., (2005) Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline. Science, 257. 782-784. 2005.
[19]	Malik A, (2000). Studies on biodesulfurization of coal. PhD thesis. India: Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; 2000.
[20]	Malik A, Dastidar MG, Roychoudhury PK. (2001). Biodesulfurization of coal: effect of pulse feeding and leachate recycle. Enzyme Microb Technol: 28: 49-56.
[21]	Malik A, Kakii K. (2003). Intergeneric coaggregations among Oligotropha carboxidovorans and Acinetobacter species present in activated sludge. FEMS Microbiol Lett 224: 23-8.
[22]	Malik A, Kakii K. (2003 b) Pair-dependent coaggregation behavior of non-flocculating sludge bacteria. Biotechnol Lett; 25: 981-6.
[23]	Malik A, Sakamoto M, Kakii K. (2002) Coaggregation of Microbacterium esteraromaticum S51 with other strains of non-flocculating sludge bacteria. IWA’s Water Environ Manage Ser: 737-48.
[24]	Malik A, Sakamoto M, Ono T, Kakii K. (2003) Coaggregation between Acinetobacter johnsonii S35 and Microbacterium esteraromaticum strains isolated from sewage activated sludge. J. Biosci. Bioeng.91 (1): 10-5.
[25]	Okonokhua, B.O., Ikhajiagbe, B., Anoliefo, G.O., Emede, (2007). The Effects of Spent Engine Oil on Soil Properties and Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.), Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 11 (3): 147-152.
[26]	Puranik, P.R. and Paknikar, K.M.,“Biosorption of lead and zinc from solutions using Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum waste biomass.” Journal of Biotechnology, 55. 113-124.1997.
[27]	Roane, T.M. (1999): Lead resistance in two isolates from heavy metal contaminated soils. Microbial Ecology 37, 218-224.
[28]	Sakaguchi, T and A. Nakajima (1991) Accumulation of heavy metals such as uranium and thorium by microorganisms In: R.W. Smith and M. Misra (Editors), Mineral Bioprocessing. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society.
[29]	Sand, W, Rohde, K, Sobotke, B, Zenneck C. (1992) Evaluation of Leptospirillum ferrooxidans for leaching. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58 (1): 85-92.
[30]	Santosh, K.S, Chatterjee, M. and Asokkumar, B. (2009) An assessment of mercury loading in core sediments of Sunderban mangrove wetland, India (a preliminary report), Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2009, 81: 105-112.
[31]	Silver, S., Phung, L.T., Lo J.F, and Gupta, A. (2001) Toxic metal resistances: molecular biology and the potential for bioremediation. In: Nuzhat A, Qureshi FM, Khan O, Khan Y, editors. Industrial and environmental biotechnology. Wymondham, UK: Horizon Scientific Press. p. 33-41.
[32]	Soares, E.V., Geoffrey, D.C., Duarte, F, and Soares (2002). HMVM. Use of Sacchromyces cerevisiae for Cu2 + removal from solution: the advantages of using a flocculent strain. Biotechnol Lett; 24: 663-6.
[33]	Swanell, R.P.J., Lee, K., and McDonagh, M (1996): Field evaluation of marine oil spill bioremediation. Microb. Rev. 342-365.
[34]	Tarasenko, M, O. Promin, and A. Silayev. (1977). Barium compounds as industrial poisons (an experimental study). J. Hyg. Epidem. Microbiol. Immunol. 21: 361-373.
[35]	Testa, S.M. and Winegardner, D.L. (1991). Aquifer Restoration and Soil Remediation Alternatives. In: Restoration of Petroleum contaminated Aquifers, Lewis Publishers Inc. MI, USA, pp. 153-190.
[36]	Torres, M., J. Goldberg and T.E. Jensen, (1998). Heavy metal uptake by polyphosphate bodies in living and killed cells of Plectonema boryanum (Cyanophyceae). Microbios, 96: 141-147.
[37]	USEPA (2001). Mine Waste Technology Program. Activity III, Project 16: integrated passive biological treatment process demonstration. Annual Report. http: //www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/std/mtb/mwtp2001/index.html; 2001.
[38]	Volesky, B. (1990). Removal and recovery of heavy metals by biosorption. In: Volesky B, editor. Biosorption of Heavy Metals. Boca.Ration, FL: CRC Press. pp. 7-43.
[39]	Wang, H., Kimberley, M.O., Schlegelmilch, M., 2001. Biosolids derived nitrogen mineralization and transformation in forest soils. J. Environ. Qual. 32, 1851-1856.
[40]	Wang, Q R; Liu X M; Cui, Y S; Dong, Y T and Christie, P (2002). Responses of legume and non-legume crop species to heavy metals in soils with multiple metal contamination. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 37: 611-621.
[41]	Whisman, M. L., Goetzinger, J. W. and Cotton, F. O. (1971). Radiotracer study of turbine aircraft fuel stability. Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory. United States Bureau of Mines. United States of America. P. 126.
[42]	Williams, M., E.B. Rastetter, D.N. Fernandes, M.L. Goulden, S.C. Wofsy, G.R. Shaver, J.M. Melillo, J.W. Munger, S.-M. Fan and K.J. Nadelhoffer. (1996). Modelling the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum in a Quercus-Acer stand at Harvard Forest: the regulation of stomatal conductance by light, nitrogen and soil/plant hydraulic properties. Plant Cell Environ. 19: 911-927.
[43]	Yong, R.N., Mohamed, A.M.O. and Warkentin, B.P. (1992). Principles of contaminant transport in soils. Elsevier. 322 P.