Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria Detected from the Root Canal Infection (Before and After) Root-Filled Teeth: An in Vitro Study

Gamal M. EL-Sherbiny^1,

¹Assistant professor Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al- Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Cite this paper:
Gamal M. EL-Sherbiny. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria Detected from the Root Canal Infection (Before and After) Root-Filled Teeth: An in Vitro Study. International Journal of Dental Sciences and Research. 2015; 3(1):4-9. doi: 10.12691/ijdsr-3-1-2

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the bacterial species from root canal infection (before and after) filled teeth and evaluate susceptibility to antibiotics, antimicrobial agents and plant extracted from ginger (Zingiber officinale).Thirty-three adult patients with symptoms of root canal infection was receiving at the outpatient clinic, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, 2014, diagnosed by a physician participated in the study. Forty- five bacterial samples were taken from root canals infection, 33 before and 12 after filled teeth. A total 126 bacterial isolates were isolated and identify from this samples. The predominant bacterial isolates were found Enterococcus faecalis 15%, followed by Streptococcus mutans 9.5%, Streptococcus acidominimus 8.7% and Porphyromonas gingivalis 7.93%. The bacterial isolates highly sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, vancomycin and erythromycin. About 36.50 % of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline. More than 50 % of all isolates were resistant to metronidazole. The sensitivity of bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents revealed that sensitive 87.30% to potassium iodide 2.0 %, 73.01 % to calcium hydroxide 2 %, 69 % to chlorxidine 1% and 54% to sodium hypochlorite 0.5%. The in vitro antibacterial activity of Zingiber officinale was studied against bacterial isolates. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Zingiber officinale exhibited antibacterial activity against all bacterial isolates with MIC ranged from 0.5 to 1.3 mg/ml and 0.3 to 1.0 mg/ml respectively. In conclusions, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and vancomycin most potent antibiotics and potassium iodide 2% most antimicrobial agents against bacterial isolates. Zingiber officinale extract has potential antimicrobial action against bacterial isolates.

Keywords:
root canal infection bacterial sp. antimicrobial susceptibility and Zingiber officinale

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Petersen P. E. International Encyclopedia of Public Health, First Edition (2008). 4. 677-685.
[2]	Enzo A. Palombo. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts and Natural Products with Activity against Oral Bacteria: Potential Application in the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2011). Vol. (2011). 1-15.
[3]	Naür R, Sjögren U, Gunthild K, Kahnberg KE, Sundqvist G. Intraradicular bacteria and fungi in root-filled, asymptomatic human teeth with therapy-resistant periapical Lesions: A long-term light and electron microscopic follow-up study. J Endod (1990). 6 (12). 580-588.
[4]	Sohansson EU and Sjögren U. Prevalance of black pigmented bacteroides species in root canal infections. J Endod (1989). 15: 13-19.
[5]	Siqueira JF J and Roças IN. Exploiting molecular methods to explore endodontic infections: part 2—redefining the endodontic microbiota. J Endod. (2005). 31(7): 488-98.
[6]	Bystrom A, Happonen RP, Sjogren U, Sundqvist G. Healing of periapical lesions of pulpless teeth after endodontic treatment with controlled asepsis. Endod Dent Traumatol. (1987). 3(2): 58-63.
[7]	Sundqvist G. Taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of the root canal flora. Oral Surg. Oral Med Oral Pathol. (1994). 78: 522-530.
[8]	Le Goff A, Bunetel L, Mounton C and Bonnaure-Mallet M. Evaluation of root canal bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility in teeth with necrotic pulp. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. (1997). 12: 318-322.
[9]	Baumgartner JC and Falkler WA. Bacteria in the apical 5 mm of infected root canals. Journal of Endodontics. (1991). 17: 380-383.
[10]	Hancock HH, Sigurdsson A, Trope M and Moiseiwitsch J. Bacteria isolated after unsuccessful endodontic treatment in a North American population. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. (2001). 91, 579-86.
[11]	Pinheiro ET, Gomes BPHA, Ferraz CCR, Sousa ELR, Teixeira FB and Souza-Filho FJ. Microorganisms from canals of root-filled teeth with periapical lesions. International Endo- dontic Journal. (2003). 36: 1-11.
[12]	Baumgartner JC. Antibiotics in endodontic therapy. In: Newman MG, Van Winkelhoff AJ, eds. Antibiotics and antimicrobial use in dental practice. 2nd ed. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. (2001). 143-57.
[13]	Moller AJR. Microbial examination of root canals and periapical tissues of human teeth. Odontologisk Tidskrift (1966). 74: 1-380.
[14]	Reit C and Dahlen G. Decision strategies in endodontics: on the design of a recall programmed. Endodontics and Dental Traumatology (1988). 3: 233-239.
[15]	Drucker DB and Melville TH. The classification of some oral streptococci of human or rat origin. Archives of Oral Biology (1971). 16: 845-53.
[16]	McComb D and Smith DC. A preliminary scanning microscopic study of the Root canals after endodontic procedures. Journal of Endodontics. (1975). 1: 238-42.
[17]	Spangberg L. Instruments materials and devices. In: Cohen S, Burns RC, eds. Pathways of the Pulp, 8th ed. St Louis, MO, USA: Mosby Inc. (2002). 521-72.
[18]	Jeansonne MJ and White RR. A comparison of 2.0% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as antibacterial endodontic irrigants. Journal of Endodontics. (1994). 20: 276-8.
[19]	Buck RA, Eleazer PD, Staat RH and Scheetz JP. Effectiveness of three endodontic Irrigants at various tubular depths in human dentin. Journal of Endodontics. (2001). 27: 206-8.
[20]	Barnhart BD, Chuang A, Lucca JJ, Roberts S, Liewehr F and Joyce AP. An in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity of various endodontic irrigants on human gingival fibroblasts. J Endod (2005). 31: 613-615.
[21]	Spangberg L, Engström B and Langeland K. Biologic effects of dental materials. 3. Toxicity and antimicrobial effect of endodontic antiseptics in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. (1973). 36: 856-871.
[22]	Orstavik D and Haapasalo M. Disinfection by endodontic irrigants and dressings Of experimentally infected dentinal tubules. Endod Dent Traumatol. (1990) 6: 142-9.
[23]	Estrela C, Holland R, Bernabé PFE, ]ouza V and Estrela CRA. Antimicrobial potential of medicaments used in healing process in dog’s teeth with apical periodontitis. Braz Dent J. (2004). 15: 181-5.
[24]	Sirén EK, Haapasalo MP, Waltimo TM and Ørstavik D. In vitro antibacterial Effect of calcium hydroxide combined with chlorhexidine or iodine potassium iodide on Enterococcus faecalis. Eur. J. Oral Sci. (2004) 112, 3263-31.
[25]	Muhsin D A and Hussein F M. The Antibacterial Effect of Ginger and Garlic Extracts on Some Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Patients with Otitis Media. (2014). 2(5): 1-5.
[26]	Cheesbrough, M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Country (PT 2). University Press, Cambridge. (2000). 157-255.
[27]	Slots, J and Taubman, M.A. Contemporary Oral Microbiology and Immunology. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis. (1992).
[28]	Alfred E. B. B. Microbiological Applications Lab Manual, Eighth Edition The McGraw−Hill Companies, (2001).
[29]	Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standard for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Approved standard M100- S20-30(1). National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2010, Wayne, PA. USA.
[30]	Kirby-Bauer A: Antimicrobial sensitivity testing by agar diffusion method. J Clin Pathol. (1996). 44: 493.
[31]	Natta L, Orapin K, Krittika N and Pantip B: Essential oil from five Zingiberaceae for anti-food-borne bacteria. Int Food Res J. (2008). 15: 337-346.
[32]	Jadon R and Dixit S. Phytochemical extraction and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants on different microbial strains. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. (2014). (2) 3: 58-63.
[33]	Dahlen G. Culture-based analysis of endodontic infections. In: Fouad AF, ed. Endodontic microbiology. 1st ed. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell. (2009). 225-241.
[34]	Abbaszadegan A, Akbar K and Mohammad M. Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of IKI and NaOCl Irrigants in Infected Root Canals: An In Vivo Study. I E J. (2010). (5)3: 102-106.
[35]	Schirrmeister JF, Liebenow AL, Braun G, Wittmer A, Hellwig E and Al-Ahmad A. Detection and eradication of microorganisms in root-filled teeth associated with periradicular lesions: An in vivo study. J Endod. (2007). 33: 536-340.
[36]	Roca's IN, Jung IY, Lee CY and Siqueira JF. Polymerase chain reaction identification of microorganisms in previously root-filled teeth in a South Korean population. J. Endod. (2004). 30: 504-508.
[37]	Al-Samahi S and Al-Omari M. A. Detection of bacteria in endodontic samples and its association with defined clinical signs and symptoms of endodontic infection S. J. Oral Sci. (2014). (1) 2: 83-89.
[38]	Figdor D, Davies JK and Sundqvist G. Starvation survival, growth and recovery of Enterococcus faecalis in human serum. Oral Microbiol Immunol. (2003). 18: 234-239.
[39]	Haapasalo M and Orstavik D. In vitro infection and disinfection of dentinal tubules. J Dent Res. (1987). 66: 1375-1379.
[40]	Endo M. S, Signorett F. G. C, Kitayama V. S, Marinho A. C. S Martinho, F. C. and Gomes B. P C. Culture and molecular detection of Enterococcus faecalis from patients with failure endodontic treatment antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates. Braz Dent Sci. (2014). 17(3): 83-91.
[41]	Baumgartner JC and Xia T. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria associated with endodontic abscesses. J Endod.( 2003). 29: 44-47.
[42]	Lin S, Kfir A, Laviv A, Sela G and Fuss Z. The in vitro antibacterial effect of iodine-potassium iodide and calcium hydroxide in infected dentinal tubules at different time intervals. J Contemp Dent Pract. (2009). 10: 59-66.
[43]	Peciuliene V, Reynaud AH, Balciuniene I and Haapasalo M. Isolation of yeasts and enteric bacteria in root-filled teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. Int. Endod. J. (2001). 34: 429-434.
[44]	Victor N., Gaberiela R. and Xavier L. antimicrobial evaluation of some plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. (1996). 53: 143-147.
[45]	Sovova M and Sova P. Pharmaceutical importance of Allium sativum L.5. Hypolipemic effects in vitro and in vivo, Ceska Slov Farm53 (2004). 117-123 (in Czech).
[46]	Durairaj S. and Srinivasan, S. P. Lakshmanaperumalsamy, In vitro antibacterial activity and stability of garlic extract at different pH and temperature, Electronic J. Biol. (2009). 5: 5-10.
[47]	Gull I, Saeed M, Shaukat H, Aslam S. M, Samra Z. Q and Athar A. M. Inhibitory effect of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale extracts on clinically important drug resistant pathogenic bacteria. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. (2012). 11: 8 1-6.
[48]	Barasch A, Safford M.M, Dapkute-Marcus I and Fine D.H. Efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate rinse for treatment and prevention of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected children: a pilot study. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. (2004). (97) 2: 204-207.