Immunological Implications in Atopic Dermatitis

Emanuela Duca¹, Genel Sur¹, Teodora-Maria Zahariuc¹, Gabor Maak¹ and Lucia Sur^2,

¹Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca 3400, Romania

²Department of Pediatrics I, Iuliu Hatieganu University, Cluj-Napoca 3400, Romania

Cite this paper:
Emanuela Duca, Genel Sur, Teodora-Maria Zahariuc, Gabor Maak and Lucia Sur. Immunological Implications in Atopic Dermatitis. International Journal of Celiac Disease. 2021; 9(2):65-67. doi: 10.12691/ijcd-9-2-8

Abstract

Both the inborn and acquired immune system plays an important role in the pathogenicity of atopic dermatitis (AD). The skin lesions are mostly due to the complex interaction of the cytokines, above all the ones secreted by the T helper 2 lymphocytes (Th2). In the acute phase of the disease, the most important cytokines are IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, and also the subsequent activation of mastocytes and eosinophiles. The next step is the production of antigen-specific antibodies. The Th2 immune response is initiated by IL-1, IL-25, IL-17, IL-33 and by thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Th2 cytokines block the expression of differentiation of certain proteins, like locrine, filaggrin, involucrin, and at the same time, they reduce the beta-antimicrobial peptide levels, disturbing the skin barrier in the process. In the chronic phase of the illness, the Th2 cytokines are predominant, with varying levels of T helper 17 cytokines.

Keywords:
atopic dermatitis allergic immunological factors evaluation

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Katoh N, Ohya Y, Ikeda M. Japanese guidelines for atopic dermatitis 2020. Allergol Int. 2020; 69: 356-369.
[2]	Holmes J, Fairclough L, Todd I. Atopic dermatitis and autoimmunity: the occurrence of autoantibodies and their association with disease severity. Arch Dermatol Res. 2019; 311: 141-162.
[3]	Thomsen S. Atopic Dermatitis: Natural History, Diagnosis, and Treatment. ISRN Allergy. 2014; 2014: 1-7.
[4]	Arakawa H, Shimojo N, Katoh N. Consensus statements on pediatric atopic dermatitis from dermatology and pediatrics practitioners in Japan: Goals of treatment and topical therapy. Allergol Int. 2020; 69: 84-90.
[5]	Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology [Internet]. Emedicine.medscape.com. 2021 [cited 9 March 2021]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085.
[6]	Kim J, Kim B, Leung D. Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis: Clinical implications. Allergy Asthma Proc 2019; 40: 84-92.
[7]	Weidinger, S. and Novak, N. Atopic dermatitis. The Lancet, 2016; 387(10023): 1109-1122.
[8]	Tanei, R. Atopic Dermatitis in Older Adults: A Review of Treatment Options. Drugs & Aging, 2020; 37; 149-160.
[9]	Kumar P, Sharma D, Ashawat M. Pathophysiology and Management of Atopic Dermatitis: A Laconic Review. Current Drug Therapy, 2020; 15: 321-336.
[10]	Möbus L, Weidinger S, Emmert H. Epigenetic factors involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory skin diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020; 145: 1049-1060.
[11]	Drislane C, Irvine A. The role of filaggrin in atopic dermatitis and allergic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020; 124: 36-43.
[12]	Nakahara T, Kido-Nakahara M, Tsuji G. Basics and recent advances in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol. 2020; 48: 130-139.
[13]	Campione E, Lanna C, Diluvio L, Cannizzaro M, et al. Skin immunity and its dysregulation in atopic dermatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa and vitiligo. Cell Cycle. 2020; 19: 257-267.
[14]	Yang G, Seok J, Kang H. Skin Barrier Abnormalities and Immune Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21: 2867.
[15]	Fujii M. Current Understanding of Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Atopic Dermatitis: Interactions among Skin Barrier Dysfunction, Immune Abnormalities and Pruritus. Biol Pharm Bull. 2020; 43: 12-19.
[16]	Alexander H, Paller A, Traidl‐Hoffmann C, et al. The role of bacterial skin infections in atopic dermatitis: expert statement and review from the International Eczema Council Skin Infection Group. Br J Dermatol. 2019; 182: 1331-1342.
[17]	Yang T, Kim B. Pruritus in allergy and immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019; 144: 353-360.
[18]	Chan B, Lam C, Tam L, Wong C. IL33: Roles in Allergic Inflammation and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Immunol. 2019; 10.
[19]	Hendricks A, Eichenfield L, Shi V. 2020. The impact of airborne pollution on atopic dermatitis: a literature review. Br J Dermatol. 2020; 183: 16-23.
[20]	Boguniewicz M, Fonacier L, Leung D. Atopic and Contact Dermatitis. Clin Immunol. 2019:611-624.e1.
[21]	Paller A, Kong H, Seed P, Naik S. The microbiome in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019; 143: 26-35.
[22]	Ali F, Vyas J, Finlay A. Counting the Burden: Atopic Dermatitis and Health-related Quality of Life. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020; 100: adv00161.