Antimicrobial Activity of Chemical Compounds from in vivo Roots and in vitro Callus of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Suraj Raj Adhikari^1, , Bijaya Pant¹ and Kusum Pokhrel¹

¹Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Nepal

Cite this paper:
Suraj Raj Adhikari, Bijaya Pant and Kusum Pokhrel. Antimicrobial Activity of Chemical Compounds from in vivo Roots and in vitro Callus of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2013; 1(2):21-26. doi: 10.12691/bb-1-2-5

Abstract

Withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant and a major source of alkaloids and steroids. Large callus was obtained from stem explants in MS medium with additives of 0.5 mgL¹ 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 1.5 mgL^-1 α-Napthalene acetic acid (NAA). In phytochemical screening of in vivo and in vitro materials of W. somnifera; reducing compounds, cardiac glycosides, basic alkaloids, carotenoids, volatile oils and saponins were detected. Phytochemical compounds found in callus of W. somnifera stopped the growth of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsicela pneumonia more effectively than the compounds found in its natural root. Whereas active phytochemical compound found in natural root was more effective to stop the growth of bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhimurium. From this study it can be predicted that specific compounds which is not found in roots of naturally growing plants plant be found in the callus of W. somnifera.

Keywords:
in vivo in vitro Withania somnifera Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus vulgaris Klebsicela pneumonia Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Salmonella typhimurium

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figures

References:

[1]	Akatar, F. “Isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Withania somnifera, Fumaria flabellate and X-ray diffraction studies”, H.E.J. research institute of chemistry, University of Karachi. 1997.
[2]	Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M. and Snader, K.M. “The influence of natural products upon drug discovery.” Nat. Prod. Res., 17. 215-234. 2000.
[3]	Vaidyaratnam, P.S. “Indian Medicinal Plants, a compendium of 500 species”, (Warrier.P.K. Nambiar V.P.K, Ramankutty Eds.), PartII, Orient Longman Publications, Hyderabad, 1994, 52-55.
[4]	Sachs, J. “Lehrbuch der botanik”. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, 1873.
[5]	Stahl, E. “Pflanzen und schnecken. Biologische studien über die Schutzmittel derpflanzen gegen schneckenfra”. Jenaer zeitschrift für medizin undnaturwissenschaften, 22. 557-684. 1888.
[6]	Bowles, D., Leyser, O. “The Big Green Book”. Plant Biotechnology – Centre for exploitation of science and technology (CEST). Kluwer academic publishers, Netherlands, 1994.
[7]	Abraham, A., Kirson, I., Glotter, E. and Lavie, D. A. “A chemotaxonomic study of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal”. Phytochem., 7. 957-962. 1968.
[8]	Colombo, M.L. and Bosisio, E. “Pharmacological activities of Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae)”. Pharmacol. Res., 33.127-134. 1996.
[9]	Scazzocchio, F., Comets, M.F., Tomassini, L. and Palmery, M. “Antibacterial activity of Hydrastis canadensis extract and its major isolated alkaloids”. Planta Med., 67. 561-563. 2001.
[10]	Sieradzki, K., Roberts, R.B., Haber, S.W. and Tomasz, A. “The development of vancomycin resistance in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection”. N. Engl. Journal of Med.., 340. 517-523. 1999.
[11]	Latha, S. and Kannabiran, K. “ Antimicrobial activity and phytochemicals of Solanum trinobatum Linn”. Afr. Journal of Biotechnol., 5(23):2402-2404. 2006
[12]	Coates, A., Hu, Y., Bax, R. and Page, C. “The future challenges facing the development of new antimicrobial drugs”. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 1. 895-910. 2002.
[13]	Edeoga, H.O. “Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants”. Afr. Journal of Biotechnol., 4(7). 685 - 688. 2005.
[14]	Salehi Surmagi, M.H., Aynehchi, Y., Amin G.H. and Mahmoodi, Z. “Survey of Iranian plants for saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins” .IV Daru., 2. 281-291. 1992.
[15]	Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherries, S.C. and Turk, M. “Antibacterial susceptibility testing by a standard single disc method”. Americal Journal of Clinical Pathology, 36. 492-496. 1966.
[16]	Parekh, J. and Chanda, S. “In vitro screening of antibacterial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of various Indian plant species against selected pathogens from Enterobacteriaceae”. Afri. Journal of Microbiol. Res., 1(6). 92-99. 2007.
[17]	Rani, G., Virk,G.S. and Nagpal, A. “Callus induction and plantlet regeneration in Withania somnifera (L.) dunal”. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant, 39(5): 468-474. 2003.
[18]	Vishnoi, A., Babbar,S.B. and Gupta, S.C. “Induction of Androgenesis in Anther Cultures of Withania somnifera”. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie, 94(2). 169-171. 1979.
[19]	Chitturi. D., Venisetty. R.K., Molmoori. R.K., Kokate, C.K. and Apte, S.S. “Enhanced Bioproduction of Withaferin A from Suspension Cultures of Withania somnifera”. Annals of Biological Research, 1 (2). 77-86. 2010.
[20]	Cowan, M.M. “Plant products as antimicrobial agents”. Clinc. Microbio. Rev., 12. 546-582. 1999.
[21]	Bastista, O., Duarte, O., Nascimento, S. and Simones, M.F. “Structure and antimicrobial activity of differences from the root of Plectranthus hereoensis”. Journal of Natural Product, 57: 279-237. 1994.
[22]	Boris, R.P. “Natural products research perspectives from a major pharmaceutical company”. Journal of Ethnopharamacol, 51. 29-38. 1996.
[23]	Akujobi, C.O., Ogbulie, J.N. and Uchegbun, U.N. “Antibacterial activities and preliminary phytochemical screening of Vernonia amygdalina and Citrus aurantifolia”. Niger Journal of Microbiol, 20(1). 649-654. 2006.
[24]	Kumar, R., Garipatti, V., Hazra, K., Mangal, A.K. and Sannd, R. “Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation of Root of Natural Grown Withania somnifera of Northen Part of India”. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical, 5(1). 15-18. 2013.
[25]	Visweswari, G., Christopher, R. and Rajendra, W. “Phytochemical screening of active secondary metabolites present in Withania somnifera root: role in traditional medicine”. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, 4(7). 2770. 2013.